and; to give; together with and; to give; together with; take part in; (interrog. part.) |
man; person; people | because of; for; to because of; for; to; act as; take...to be; to be; to do; to serve as; to become |
good | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (與人為善) | 與 | 人 | 為 | 善 | |
| simp. (与人为善) | 与 | 人 | 为 | 善 | |
| Rime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 與 | 人 | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 日 (38) | 云 (35) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 眞 (43) | 支 (14) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | Chongniu III | III |
| Fanqie | 余吕切 | 如鄰切 | 薳支切 | 常演切 |
| Reconstructions | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/jɨʌX/ | /ȵiɪn/ | /ɦˠiuᴇ/ | /d͡ʑiᴇnX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/jiɔX/ | /ȵin/ | /ɦʷᵚiɛ/ | /d͡ʑiɛnX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/iɔX/ | /ȵʑjen/ | /ɣiuɛ/ | /d͡ʑjænX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/jɨə̆X/ | /ȵin/ | /ɦjwiə̆/ | /d͡ʑianX/ |
| Li Rong |
/iɔX/ | /ȵiĕn/ | /ɣjue/ | /ʑiɛnX/ |
| Wang Li |
/jĭoX/ | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /ɣǐwe/ | /ʑĭɛnX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/i̯woX/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /wie̯/ | /ʑi̯ɛnX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yǔ | rén | wéi | shàn |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 與 | 人 | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
yǔ | rén | wéi | shàn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ yoX › | ‹ nyin › | ‹ hjwe › | ‹ dzyenX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*m-q(r)aʔ/ | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*ɢʷ(r)aj/ | /*[ɡ]e[n]ʔ/ |
| English | give; for; and | (other) person | make, do, act as | good |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 與 | 人 | 為 | 善 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15901 | 10800 | 11084 | |
| Phonetic component |
舁 | 人 | 爲 | 善 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 眞 | 歌 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
仁 | 爲 | 善 | |
| Old Chinese |
/*laʔ/ | /*njin/ | /*ɢʷal/ | /*ɡjenʔ/ |
| Notes | 舁分化字 | 俗爲字 | ||