écarteler
French
Etymology
From Old French esquarterer, with dissimilation. Related to quartier.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /e.kaʁ.tə.le/
Audio (file)
Verb
écarteler
- (transitive) to draw and quarter (to execute by pulling the victim's limbs in different directions; to pull a body apart by the four limbs)
- Near-synonym: démembrer
- (heraldry) to divide a shield into four parts
Conjugation
This verb is conjugated mostly like the regular -er verbs (parler and chanter and so on), but the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-. For example, in the third-person singular present indicative, we have il écartèle rather than *il écartele. Other verbs conjugated this way include lever and mener. Related but distinct conjugations include those of appeler and préférer.
Conjugation of écarteler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | écarteler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | écartelant /e.kaʁ.tə.lɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | écartelé /e.kaʁ.tə.le/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | écartèle /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartèles /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartèle /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartelons /e.kaʁ.tə.lɔ̃/ |
écartelez /e.kaʁ.tə.le/ |
écartèlent /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
| imperfect | écartelais /e.kaʁ.tə.lɛ/ |
écartelais /e.kaʁ.tə.lɛ/ |
écartelait /e.kaʁ.tə.lɛ/ |
écartelions /e.kaʁ.tə.ljɔ̃/ |
écarteliez /e.kaʁ.tə.lje/ |
écartelaient /e.kaʁ.tə.lɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | écartelai /e.kaʁ.tə.le/ |
écartelas /e.kaʁ.tə.la/ |
écartela /e.kaʁ.tə.la/ |
écartelâmes /e.kaʁ.tə.lam/ |
écartelâtes /e.kaʁ.tə.lat/ |
écartelèrent /e.kaʁ.tə.lɛʁ/ | |
| future | écartèlerai /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁe/ |
écartèleras /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁa/ |
écartèlera /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁa/ |
écartèlerons /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɔ̃/ |
écartèlerez /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁe/ |
écartèleront /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | écartèlerais /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɛ/ |
écartèlerais /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɛ/ |
écartèlerait /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɛ/ |
écartèlerions /e.kaʁ.tɛ.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /e.kaʁ.te.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
écartèleriez /e.kaʁ.tɛ.lə.ʁje/ or /e.kaʁ.te.lə.ʁje/ |
écartèleraient /e.kaʁ.tɛl.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | écartèle /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartèles /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartèle /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
écartelions /e.kaʁ.tə.ljɔ̃/ |
écarteliez /e.kaʁ.tə.lje/ |
écartèlent /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
| imperfect2 | écartelasse /e.kaʁ.tə.las/ |
écartelasses /e.kaʁ.tə.las/ |
écartelât /e.kaʁ.tə.la/ |
écartelassions /e.kaʁ.tə.la.sjɔ̃/ |
écartelassiez /e.kaʁ.tə.la.sje/ |
écartelassent /e.kaʁ.tə.las/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | écartèle /e.kaʁ.tɛl/ |
— | écartelons /e.kaʁ.tə.lɔ̃/ |
écartelez /e.kaʁ.tə.le/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Further reading
- “écarteler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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