خردل

Arabic

خَرْدَل

Etymology

Uncertain, previous comparisons to an Akkadian source have been depreciated as uninformed readings; compare Hebrew חַרְדָּל‎ (ḥardal), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic חרדלא‎ (ḥardlā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חַרְדְּלָא‎ (ḥardlā), Classical Syriac ܚܪܕܠܐ‎ (ḥardlā), and potentially Akkadian 𒄷𒊏𒁺 (/ḫurādu/, “unidentified aromatic plant possibly in reference to mustard seeds; aromatic seed or spice mix”, literally “pebbles, little stones”); perhaps connected ultimately to Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ- (“to sow, to plant seeds, to till, to plow, to cultivate”) or Sumerian 𒌑𒄯𒄯 (/ḫarḫar/, “unidentified plant yielding seeds used as a spice”) of uncertain provenance.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /xar.dal/

Noun

خَرْدَل • (ḵardal) m (collective, singulative خَرْدَلَة‎ f (ḵardala))

mustard (plant and condiment)

Declension

Declension of noun خَرْدَل (ḵardal)

Collective	basic collective triptote
Collective	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَل ḵardal	الْخَرْدَل‎ al-ḵardal	خَرْدَل ḵardal
Nominative	خَرْدَلٌ ḵardalun	الْخَرْدَلُ‎ al-ḵardalu	خَرْدَلُ ḵardalu
Accusative	خَرْدَلًا‎ ḵardalan	الْخَرْدَلَ‎ al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَ ḵardala
Genitive	خَرْدَلٍ ḵardalin	الْخَرْدَلِ‎ al-ḵardali	خَرْدَلِ ḵardali
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
Singulative	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَة‎ ḵardala	الْخَرْدَلَة‎ al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَة‎ ḵardalat
Nominative	خَرْدَلَةٌ‎ ḵardalatun	الْخَرْدَلَةُ‎ al-ḵardalatu	خَرْدَلَةُ‎ ḵardalatu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَةً‎ ḵardalatan	الْخَرْدَلَةَ‎ al-ḵardalata	خَرْدَلَةَ‎ ḵardalata
Genitive	خَرْدَلَةٍ‎ ḵardalatin	الْخَرْدَلَةِ‎ al-ḵardalati	خَرْدَلَةِ‎ ḵardalati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَتَيْن‎ ḵardalatayn	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْن‎ al-ḵardalatayn	خَرْدَلَتَيْ‎ ḵardalatay
Nominative	خَرْدَلَتَانِ‎ ḵardalatāni	الْخَرْدَلَتَانِ‎ al-ḵardalatāni	خَرْدَلَتَا‎ ḵardalatā
Accusative	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ‎ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ‎ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ‎ ḵardalatay
Genitive	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ‎ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ‎ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ‎ ḵardalatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
Paucal (3-10)	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَات‎ ḵardalāt	الْخَرْدَلَات‎ al-ḵardalāt	خَرْدَلَات‎ ḵardalāt
Nominative	خَرْدَلَاتٌ‎ ḵardalātun	الْخَرْدَلَاتُ‎ al-ḵardalātu	خَرْدَلَاتُ‎ ḵardalātu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَاتٍ‎ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ‎ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ‎ ḵardalāti
Genitive	خَرْدَلَاتٍ‎ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ‎ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ‎ ḵardalāti

Descendants

→ Middle Armenian: խարտալ (xartal)
→ Persian: خردل‎ (xardal)
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
  Urdu: خردل‎ (xardal)
→ Swahili: haradali

References

Levey, Martin (1973) Early Arabic Pharmacology. An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Leiden: Brill, page 60

Persian

Etymology

From Arabic خَرْدَل‎ (ḵardal).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian): IPA^(key): /xaɾdal/

(Dari): IPA^(key): /xaɾdal/

(Iranian Persian): IPA^(key): /xæɾdæl/
(Tajik): IPA^(key): /xaɾdal/

Noun

خردل • (xardal)

mustard
Synonym: سپندان‎ (sepandân)

Descendants

→ Hindustani:
Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)

Urdu: خردل‎ (xardal)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian ‎ (xardal), from Arabic خَرْدَل‎ (ḵardal).

Noun

خردل • (xardal) m (Hindi spelling ख़र्दल)

mustard

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