कटु

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ᬓᬝᬸ (Balinese script)
কটু (Assamese script)
কটু (Bengali script)
𑰎𑰘𑰲 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀓𑀝𑀼 (Brahmi script)
𑌕𑌟𑍁 (Grantha script)
કટુ (Gujarati script)
ਕਟੁ (Gurmukhi script)
ꦏꦛꦸ (Javanese script)
កដុ (Khmer script)
ಕಟು (Kannada script)
ກຏຸ (Lao script)
കടു (Malayalam script)
𑘎𑘘𑘳 (Modi script)
ᢉᠠᢌᠤ (Mongolian script)
ᡬᠠᢞᡠ (Manchu script)
ကဋု (Burmese script)
𑦮𑦸𑧔 (Nandinagari script)
𑐎𑐚𑐸 (Newa script)
କଟୁ (Oriya script)
ꢒꢜꢸ (Saurashtra script)
𑆑𑆛𑆶 (Sharada script)
𑖎𑖘𑖲 (Siddham script)
කටු (Sinhalese script)
కటు (Telugu script)
กฏุ (Thai script)
ཀ་ཊུ (Tibetan script)
𑒏𑒙𑒳 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology

From Proto-Dravidian *kaṭ-u (“be pungent; sting”).[1][2] Compare Old Tamil 𑀓𑀝𑀼 (kaṭu).

Sanskrit grammarians tied it to the root कृत् (kṛt, “to cut”) but this is not accepted in modern scholarship. Compare Kamkata-viri kařó, këřó.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐ.ʈú/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkɐ.ʈu/

Adjective

कटु • (kaṭú)

bitter, acrid
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

Descendants

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼 (kaḍu)
⇒ Sanskrit: कटुक (káṭuka) (+ Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))

Terms inherited from कटुक (káṭuka)

Pali: kaṭuka
Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
- Central:
  - Sauraseni Prakrit:
    - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
      - Old Gujarati: कडूउं (kaḍūuṃ)
        Gojri: کوڑو‎ (koṛo)
        Middle Gujarati: कडूउं, कडुय, कडुवय
        Gujarati: કડવું (kaḍvũ)
        Marwari:
        Devanagari: कड़वौ (kaṛvau)
        Mahajani: 𑅕𑅲𑅯𑅒 (kṛvu)
    - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
      - Old Hindi: करवा (karavā)
        Hindustani: kaṛvā
        Hindi: कड़वा
        Urdu: کَڑْوَا‎
- Eastern:
  - Magadhi Prakrit:
    - Old Bengali: কডুআ (kaḍuā), কডু (kaḍu)
      - Middle Bengali: কড়ুয়া (kôṛuẏa)
        Bengali: কড়া (koṛa), কড়ুয়া (koṛuẏa)
    - Maithili: kaṛū
      Devanagari: कड़ू
      
      Tirhuta: 𑒏𑒛𑓃𑒴
- Southern:
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀟𑀼𑀅 (kaḍua)
    - Konkani: koḍū
      Devanagari: कोडू
      
      Kannada: ಕೊಡೂ
      
      Latin: kodum
    - Old Marathi:
      Devanagari: कडू (kaḍū)
      
      Modi: 𑘎𑘚𑘳 (kaḍu)
      Marathi: कडू (kaḍū)
- Western:
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Takka Apabhramsa:
      - Old Punjabi: ਕਉੜਾ (kauṛā), ਕਊਰਾ (kaūrā), ਕਵਰਾ (kavarā), ਕੜੂਆ (kaṛūā)
        Punjabi: kauṛā
        Gurmukhi: ਕੌੜਾ
        Shahmukhi: کَوڑا‎
    - Vracada Apabhramsa:
      - Sindhi:
        Arabic: ڪَوْڙو‎, ڪَڙو‎
        
        Devanagari: कौड़ो, कड़ो
        
        Khudawadi: 𑊺𑋨𑋊𑋧 (kauṛo), 𑊺𑋊𑋧 (kaṛo)

Learned borrowings from कटु (kaṭú)

→ Gujarati: કટુ (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Hindi: कटु (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Kannada: ಕಟು (kaṭu) (learned)
→ Marathi: कटू (kaṭū) (learned)
→ Oriya: କଟୁ (kôṭu) (learned)

References

Southworth, Franklin (2005) Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, →ISBN, page 72
Burrow, T.; Emeneau, M. B. (1984), “kaṭu”, in A Dravidian etymological dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 1135.

कटु