ḥr

See also: Appendix:Variations of "hr"

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Possibly cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʕal-; compare Arabic عَلَى‎ (ʕalā, “on, over”), Hebrew עַל‎ (ʿal, “on”), Aramaic עַל‎ (ʿal, “on”). If so, perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *x̣al.[1] However, some authors consider such a correspondence irregular.[2]

Pronunciation
 

Noun
Hr
Z1

 m

  1. face (of a person or animal)
  2. facial expression
  3. sight, scope of vision
  4. front surface (of a building, door, etc.)
  5. bow (of a ship)
Inflection
Declension of ḥr (masculine)
singular ḥr
dual ḥrwj
plural ḥrw
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  
Hr
Hr Z1
r
ḥr ḥr
[New Kingdom]
before suffix pronouns
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Demotic: ḥr

Preposition
Hr
Z1
  1. upon, on, on top of, with
  2. onto, on (with motion)
  3. in, on (a vehicle, boat, etc.)
  4. at, in (a place)
  5. to, upon (a side)
  6. in (water)
  7. in, for (some duration of time)
  8. at (some time)
  9. and, in addition to
  10. per, for each
  11. from, originating from (a place)
  12. because of, for the sake of
  13. by means of, using
  14. marked with, under (someone’s name or seal)
  15. (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic imperfective of a verb
  16. (contracted from ḥr ḏd) saying; introduces a direct quotation
Usage notes

Conjunction is usually expressed by directly juxtaposing two nouns, but occasionally ḥnꜥ or ḥr are used to link the nouns instead. The latter (ḥr) may represent a somewhat closer coordination than the former (ḥnꜥ).

In Late Egyptian texts, this preposition is often omitted where expected or found erroneously written where unneeded.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  
Hr
r
Hr
Hr
Z1		 r
Hr
Z1		 r
r		 Z1
Hr
Z1		 Hr
Z1
iH
ḥr ḥr ḥr ḥrr ḥrḥr jḥ
[New Kingdom] [New Kingdom] [Late Egyptian] [Late Period]
especially before
suffix pronouns		 in papyri in papyri before suffix pronouns
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Coptic: ϩⲓ- (hi-)

Also as part of:

Etymology 2

Formed from a stem ḥaru- + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u; in Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic case markers were generally lost, but *-u became a glide -w instead when the stem ended in a vowel.[1] The stem is probably related either to the preposition ḥr (“above”), with the theonym thus meaning ‘the One Above’, or to the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”), with the theonym meaning ‘the Distant One’, or to both.

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈħaːɾuw/ → /ˈħaːɾuw/ → /ˈħaːɾəʔ/ → /ˈħoːɾ(ə)/

Proper noun
G5

 m

  1. Horus, the falcon-headed Egyptian god of the sky, war, and kingship
    • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19:
      gm
      M      		 n
      t w      		 G5xrwf
      mAa
      a      		 wr
      a      		 wn
      f      		 tO44Z1n
      t
      t
      f
      pr
      r
      D54      		 n
      f
      S10      		 HwmwDn
      gb      		 bO43
      p      		 D40
      n
      f      		 HqAt Z1
      N21
      N21      		 HDtmn
      n
      Y1      		 tiimtp Z1
      f
      gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f
      pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f
      Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him. He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.
  2. epithet for the currently reigning pharaoh
  3. a conventional element of the serekh name of most pharaohs
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  
Hr
r		 N31A40
G5G7
G5Z1
H_SPACE
G5A40
G7
HHr
r
ḥr ḥr ḥr ḥr ḥr ḥr
[Old Kingdom]
as an element
in personal names
Synonyms
  • nḫnj
Derived terms
  • mꜣꜣt-ḥr-nfrw-rꜥ f (“Maathorneferure”)
  • mswt-ḥr
  • rꜥ-ḥr-ꜣḫtj (“Ra-Horakhty”)
  • ḥwt-ḥr (“Hathor”)
  • ḥr nbw (“Horus of gold”)
  • ḥr ḫntj-jmntjw (“Horus Khenti-Amentiu”)
  • ḥr ḫntj-jrtj (“Horkhenti Irti”)
  • ḥr-ꜣḫtj (“Horakhty”)
  • ḥr-jwn-mwt.f (“Her-iunmutef (Horus, Pillar of His Mother)”)
  • ḥr-wps-tꜣwj (“Her-wepes-tawy (Horus who illuminates the Two Lands”)
  • ḥr-wr (“Her-ur (Horus the Elder)”)
  • ḥr-wḏꜣ
  • ḥr-bḥdtj (“Heru-Behdeti (Horus of Behdet)”)
  • ḥr-pꜣ-ẖrd (“Heru-pa-khered (Horus the Younger)”)
  • ḥr-m-ꜣḫt (“Her-em-akhet (Horus in the Horizon)”)
  • ḥr-m-ꜣḫt-ḫprj-rꜥ-tm (“Harmakhis-Khepri-Ra-Atum”)
  • ḥr-m-jrtj (“Hor Merti (Horus of the Two Eyes)”)
  • ḥr-m-ḥꜣt m (“Horemhat”)
  • ḥr-zꜣ-ꜣst m (“Harsiese”)
  • ḥr-zmꜣ-tꜣwj (“Her-sema-tawy (Horus Uniter of the Two Lands)”)
  • ḥr-kꜣ-pt (“Her-ka-pet (Horus, Bull of the Sky)”)
  • ḥr-dšrt (“Hor-deshret (Horus the Red)”)
  • ḥr-ḏd.f m (“Hordjedef”)
  • ḏd-ḥr m (“Djedhor”)
Descendants
  • Coptic: ϩⲱⲣ (hōr), (in compounds) ϩⲁⲣ- (har-)
  • → Ancient Greek: Ὧρος (Hôros), (in compounds) Ἁρ- (Har-)
  • → Meroitic: 𐦠𐦫‎ (ar /ara/)

References
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 32, 38, 55–56
  2. Rubin, Aaron D. (2004) “An Outline of Comparative Egypto-Semitic Morphology” in Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) studies: in memoriam W. Vycichl, page 483
  3. Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990) Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft, pages 61, 70, 88
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