まみれる

Japanese
Alternative spelling
塗れる

Etymology

From older form まみる (mamiru)[1][2][3]. First cited to a text from the mid 900s CE[1].

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) まみれ​る [màmíréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ma̠mʲiɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

まみれる • (mamireru) intransitive ichidan (stem まみれ (mamire), past まみれた (mamireta))

  1. [from mid 900s] to be smeared (with blood, sweat, etc.), to be covered in something dirty, to be daubed with something dirty
    血(ち)に塗(まみ)れる
    chi ni mamireru
    to be smeared with blood
  2. [from circa 1100] to be completely defeated and broken in spirit

Conjugation
Conjugation of "まみれる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") まみれ mamire
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") まみれ mamire
Shūshikei ("terminal") まみれる mamireru
Rentaikei ("attributive") まみれる mamireru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") まみれれ mamirere
Meireikei ("imperative") まみれよ¹
まみれろ²		 mamireyo¹
mamirero²
Key constructions
Passive まみれられる mamirerareru
Causative まみれさせる
まみれさす		 mamiresaseru
mamiresasu
Potential まみれられる
まみれれる³		 mamirerareru
mamirereru³
Volitional まみれよう mamireyō
Negative まみれない
まみれぬ
まみれん		 mamirenai
mamirenu
mamiren
Negative continuative まみれず mamirezu
Formal まみれます mamiremasu
Perfective まみれた mamireta
Conjunctive まみれて mamirete
Hypothetical conditional まみれれば mamirereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Idioms
  • 一(いっ)敗(ぱい)地(ち)に塗(まみ)れる (ippai chi ni mamireru): “one loss, smeared in dirt” → “to be completely defeated in one go”
  • まびれる (mabireru)
  • まぶれる (mabureru)

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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