愕然

Chinese
startled
 
so; thus; like this
so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (愕然) 愕 然
simp. #(愕然) 愕 然

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 愕 然
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 唐 (103) 仙 (77)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I III
Fanqie 五各切 如延切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵiᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵʑjæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋak̚/ /ȵian/
Li
Rong		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵiɛn/
Wang
Li		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋɑk̚/ /ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 è rán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 ngok6 jin4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 愕 然
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 è rán
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngak › ‹ nyen ›
Old
Chinese		 /*N-qʰˁak/ /*[n]a[n]/
English scared so, thus; (adv suffix)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 愕 然
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 9466 10756
Phonetic
component		 屰 肰
Rime
group		 鐸 元
Rime
subdivision		 0 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 咢 然
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋaːɡ/ /*njen/

Adjective

愕然

  1. (literary) stunned; astounded

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (愕然):
  • → Japanese: 愕然(がくぜん) (gakuzen)
  • → Vietnamese: ngạc nhiên (愕然)

Japanese
Kanji in this term
愕 然
がく
Hyōgaiji		 ぜん
Grade: 4
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
がく然

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) がくぜん [gàkúzéń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ɡa̠kɯ̟ᵝzẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

愕(がく)然(ぜん) • (gakuzen) †-tari, adnominal 愕(がく)然(ぜん)たる (gakuzen taru), adverbial 愕(がく)然(ぜん)と (gakuzen to) or 愕(がく)然(ぜん)として (gakuzen to shite)

  1. amazed, astounded, astonished

Adverb

愕(がく)然(ぜん) • (gakuzen) 

  1. astoundedly, amazedly, astonishedly

Usage notes

Used with と.

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
愕然

Verb

愕然

  1. chữ Hán form of ngạc nhiên (“to be surprised; to be astonished”).
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