浪人
Chinese
wave; breaker; unrestrained wave; breaker; unrestrained; dissipated |
man; person; people | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (浪人) |
浪 | 人 | |
Etymology
Attested earliest in Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) :
- 摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿聽浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: 544 CE, Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu
- Zhāiguā fǎ: zài bùdào shàng, yǐn shǒu ér qǔ; wù tīng làngrén tà guāmàn, jí fānfù zhī. [Pinyin]
- How to pluck melons: on the footpath, reach out one's hands and take them; do not allow drifters to trample the melon-vines and toss and turn them [melons].
摘瓜法：在步道上，引手而取；勿听浪人踏瓜蔓，及翻覆之。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
Pronunciation
Synonyms
- (lecher):
Dialectal synonyms of 色鬼 (“lecher”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 登徒子 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 色鬼, 色狼, 好色之徒 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 色迷, 色毛, 色迷鬼兒, 迷瞪鬼兒, 色坯子 |
| Taiwan | 色鬼, 色狼 | |
| Harbin | 羊扒子 | |
| Luoyang | 色迷 | |
| Singapore | 色狼 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕鬼, 鹹蟲, 雞蟲, 麻甩佬, 色狼, 生雞 |
| Hong Kong | 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕仔, 鹹濕鬼, 狗公, 鹹蟲, 淫蟲, 色狼 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 鹹濕佬 | |
| Dongguan | 鹹濕佬, 毛騷佬, 鹹蟲, 生雞精, 麻甩佬 | |
| Nanning | 鹹濕公, 扒灰佬 | |
| Ipoh (Guangfu) | 鹹濕鬼 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 鹹濕佬 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 沙鬼, 沙骨頭, 色鬼, 鹹濕鬼 |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 鹹濕佬, 豺牯, 豺牯佬, 豺鬼 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 豬哥, 豬哥仙, 痴哥牯, 騷牯 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 豬哥, 豬哥仙, 痴哥牯, 騷牯 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 豬哥 | |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 豬哥 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 豬哥, 痴哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 |
| Quanzhou | 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 | |
| Zhangzhou | 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 | |
| Tainan | 豬哥, 痴哥, 痟狗 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 痴哥伯, 豬哥 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 豬哥 | |
| Shantou | 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼 | |
| Jieyang | 痴哥鱉 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鹹濕公, 鹹濕佬 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 騷卵 |
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 浪 | 人 |
| ろう Grade: S |
にん Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi | |
Etymology
From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.
Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements.[1] Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.
Noun
- a masterless samurai
- a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
- 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:[4]
- 浪（ラウ）人
- 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:[4]
- someone in exile
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 541)[5]
- Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
- More specifically spelled 牢人.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho (page 541)[5]
- a prisoner
- More specifically spelled 牢人.
- someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
- a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (rōninsei)
Synonyms
- (wanderer): 流浪人 (rurōnin), 流浪者 (rurōsha)
- (unemployed person): 失業者 (shitsugyōsha)
- (exile, prisoner): 牢者 (rōsha)
Derived terms
- 浪人生 (rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again
Verb
浪人する • (rōnin suru) ←らうにん (raunin)?suru (stem 浪人し (rōnin shi), past 浪人した (rōnin shita))
- to become unemployed, to lose one's job
- (archaic) to lose one's master
- to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing
Conjugation
Conjugation of "浪人する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 浪人すれ | ろうにんすれ | rōnin sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 浪人せよ¹ 浪人しろ² |
ろうにんせよ¹ ろうにんしろ² |
rōnin seyo¹ rōnin shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 浪人される | ろうにんされる | rōnin sareru | |
| Causative | 浪人させる 浪人さす |
ろうにんさせる ろうにんさす |
rōnin saseru rōnin sasu | |
| Potential | 浪人できる | ろうにんできる | rōnin dekiru | |
| Volitional | 浪人しよう | ろうにんしよう | rōnin shiyō | |
| Negative | 浪人しない | ろうにんしない | rōnin shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 浪人せず | ろうにんせず | rōnin sezu | |
| Formal | 浪人します | ろうにんします | rōnin shimasu | |
| Perfective | 浪人した | ろうにんした | rōnin shita | |
| Conjunctive | 浪人して | ろうにんして | rōnin shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 浪人すれば | ろうにんすれば | rōnin sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Synonyms
- (become unemployed): 失業 (shitsugyō)
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- Tadakane, Tachibana; Masamune Atsuo (ed.) (c. 1177-1188) Iroha Jiruishō (in Japanese), Kazama Shobō, published 1971
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
- Ihara, Saikaku; Isoji Asō, Gen Itasaka, Seiji Tsutsumi, Kōshin Noma (volume 47) Saikaku shū, jō, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, →ISBN
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