ꜥš

Egyptian

Pronunciation
 

Verb
a
S		 A2

 2-lit.

  1. (intransitive, with n or r or transitive) to summon
  2. (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜥš (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥš, geminated stem: ꜥšš
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
ꜥš
 ꜥšw, ꜥš
 ꜥšt
 ꜥš, j.ꜥš
 ꜥš, j.ꜥš
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
ꜥš
 ḥr ꜥš
 m ꜥš
 r ꜥš
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect ꜥš.n
 ꜥšw, ꜥš
 consecutive ꜥš.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative ꜥšt
perfective3 ꜥš
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative1 ꜥš.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective ꜥš, j.ꜥš1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 ꜥš
 ꜥšš
 potentialis1 ꜥš.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive ꜥš, j.ꜥš1
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect ꜥš.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective ꜥš
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 ꜥš
 ꜥšš, ꜥššj6, ꜥš2, ꜥšw2 5, ꜥšy2 5
imperfective j.ꜥš1, ꜥš, ꜥšy, ꜥšw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 j.ꜥš1, j.ꜥšw1 5, ꜥš, ꜥšj6, ꜥšy6
 ꜥš, ꜥšw5
prospective ꜥš, ꜥštj7
 — ꜥštj4, ꜥšt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥš  
a
S		 A26
ꜥš
[New Kingdom]
Descendants
  • Demotic: ꜥš

Pronunciation

Noun
a
S		 Aa2M1

 m

  1. a kind of coniferous tree, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica)
  2. the wood of this tree
Inflection
Declension of ꜥš (masculine)
singular ꜥš
dual ꜥšwj
plural ꜥšw

Noun
a
S		 Aa2W1

 m

  1. the resin of the ꜥš-tree
    Synonym: sfṯ

References
  • Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 227.4–227.13, 228.1–228.6
  • Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 48–49
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 362.
  • Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217
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