가로지다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae (分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해), 1481, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᄅᆞ디다 (Yale: kolo ti-ta). Equivalent to 가로 (garo, “horizontal”) +‎ 지다 (jida, “to fall”, also a suffix). "To die an unnatural death" is calque of Chinese 橫死 (literally “to die horizontally”).

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠ɾo̞d͡ʑida̠]
  • Phonetic hangul: [가로지다]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?garojida
Revised Romanization (translit.)?galojida
McCune–Reischauer?karojida
Yale Romanization?kalocita

Verb

가로지다 • (garojida) (infinitive 가로져 or 가로지어, sequential 가로지니)

  1. (Early Modern, obsolete) to die an unnatural death
    Synonym: 횡사(橫死)하다 (hoengsahada)
    Antonym: 세지다 (sejida)
    • 1812, “Song 218”, in 청구영언 장서각본/靑丘永言藏書閣本 [Jangseogak edition of the Cheonggu yeong'eon]:
      ᄀᆞ로지나 셰지나 中(즁)에 죽은 後(후)ㅣ면 뉘 아더냐 / 나 죽은 무덤 우희 밧츨 가나 논을 ᄆᆡ나 […]
      Garojina syejina jyung-e jugeun hu-imyeon nwi adeonya / na jugeun mudeom uh-e batch-eul gana non-eul maena […]
      Whether I die before my time or of old age, who will remember me when I am gone? Over my grave, shall they will plow their fields, or weed their paddies of rice […]

Adjective

가로지다 • (garojida) (infinitive 가로져 or 가로지어, sequential 가로지니)

  1. to be laid out horizontally
    Antonym: 세로지다 (serojida)

Conjugation
    Selected forms of the adjective 가로지다 (garojida): vowel-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체)		 Informal non-polite
(해체)		 Informal polite
(해요체)		 Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 가로지다
garojida		 가로져
garojyeo		 가로져요, 가로지어요
garojyeoyo, garojieoyo		 가로집니다
garojimnida
Past 가로졌다
garojyeotda		 가로졌어
garojyeosseo		 가로졌어요
garojyeosseoyo		 가로졌습니다
garojyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 가로지냐
garojinya		 가로져
garojyeo		 가로져요, 가로지어요
garojyeoyo, garojieoyo		 가로집니까
garojimnikka
Past 가로졌냐
garojyeonnya		 가로졌어
garojyeosseo		 가로졌어요
garojyeosseoyo		 가로졌습니까
garojyeotseumnikka
Assertive 가로지겠다
garojigetda		가로지겠어
garojigesseo		가로지겠어요
garojigesseoyo		가로지겠습니다
garojigetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 가로져
garojyeo		가로져서, 가로지어서
garojyeoseo, garojieoseo		가로지니
garojini		가로지니까
garojinikka
Contrast 가로지지만
garojijiman		가로진데
garojinde		가로지더니
garojideoni
Conjunction 가로지고
garojigo
Condition 가로지면
garojimyeon		가로져야, 가로지어야
garojyeoya, garojieoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 가로짐
garojim		가로지기
garojigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 가로졌음, 가로지었음
garojyeosseum, garojieosseum		가로졌기, 가로지었기
garojyeotgi, garojieotgi
Determiners Present 가로진
garojin
Future 가로질
garojil


Sentence-final forms with honorific
Plain (해라체) Informal (해체) Polite (해요체) Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 가로지시다
garojisida		 가로지셔
garojisyeo		 가로지세요, 가로지셔요
garojiseyo, garojisyeoyo		 가로지십니다
garojisimnida
Past 가로지셨다
garojisyeotda		 가로지셨어
garojisyeosseo		 가로지셨어요
garojisyeosseoyo		 가로지셨습니다
garojisyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 가로지시냐
garojisinya		 가로지셔
garojisyeo		 가로지세요, 가로지셔요
garojiseyo, garojisyeoyo		 가로지십니까
garojisimnikka
Past 가로지셨냐
garojisyeonnya		 가로지셨어
garojisyeosseo		 가로지셨어요
garojisyeosseoyo		 가로지셨습니까
garojisyeotseumnikka
Assertive 가로지시겠다
garojisigetda		가로지시겠어
garojisigesseo		가로지시겠어요
garojisigesseoyo		가로지시겠습니다
garojisigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 가로지셔
garojisyeo		가로지셔서
garojisyeoseo		가로지시니
garojisini		가로지시니까
garojisinikka
Contrast 가로지시지만
garojisijiman		가로지신데
garojisinde		가로지시더니
garojisideoni
Conjunction 가로지시고
garojisigo
Condition 가로지시면
garojisimyeon		가로지셔야
garojisyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 가로지심
garojisim		가로지시기
garojisigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 가로지셨음
garojisyeosseum		가로지셨기
garojisyeotgi
Determiners Present 가로지신
garojisin
Future 가로지실
garojisil
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