𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺
Old Persian
Etymology
Uncertain; possibly:
- from *Parθaʰ + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsaʰ/, “Persian”),[1]
- from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pərəθβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),[2]
- or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) + -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) + *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).[3]
Descendants
- Middle Persian:
- Manichaean: 𐫛𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫃 (phrwg /pahrawag/)
- → Akkadian:[5]
- Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒈠𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-tu-ma-a-a /Partumāya/), 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒌑 (pa-ar-tu-ú /Partū/), 𒌓𒌅 (par-tu /Partu/), 𒌓𒌅𒌑 (par-tu-ú /Partū/)
- → Ancient Greek: Πᾰ́ρθος (Párthos), Πᾰ́ρθυος (Párthuos)
- → Aramaic:[5]
- Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡅 (prtw)
- → Egyptian:
- Late Egyptian:
(prwtjwꜣ),
(prtjwꜣ)[5]
- Late Egyptian:
- → Elamite:[5]
- Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒌅𒈠 (bar-tu-ma /Bartuma/), 𒁇𒌅𒈦 (bar-tu-maš /Bartumaš/)
- → Middle Chinese: 白疊 (po-tie)[6]
- → Old Armenian: Պարթեւք (Partʿewkʿ)
- → Parthian:
- Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 (prtw)
- → Sogdian:[7]
- Syriac: ܦܪܬ݂ܘܐܝܟ (prθwʾyq /parθawīk/)
References
- Kent, Roland G. (1950), “Parθava-”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 196
- Brandenstein, Wilhelm; Mayrhofer, Manfred (1964) Handbuch des Altpersischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 138
- Skalmowski, W. (1995), “Old Persian Parθava”, in Van Lerberghe, K.; Schoors, A., editors, Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East. Festschrift E. Lipiński (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta), Leuven: Peeters Publishers, page 306-311
- Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908), “parθava”, in Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination (Vanderbilt Oriental Series; 6), New York/Cincinnati/Chicago: American Book Company, page 109
- Tavernier, Jan (2007), “1.3.30 Parθava- (P-r-θ-v-)”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 29
- Laufer, Berthold (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products (Fieldiana, Anthropology; 15), volume 3, Chicago: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, page 490
- Gharib, B. (1995), “prθwʾyq”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 291
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