-esso
Latin
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Identical in form to the archaic future perfects in -āssō, -āssere, etc., attested contemporary with Ennius, viz. amāssis, levāssō, impetrāssere, and iūdicāssit, respectively of amō, levō, impetrō, and iūdicō.[1][2] Origin cited as not fully explained. Perhaps connected with a kind of prolepsis invoking a counterfactual use of aspect for emphasis.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈes.soː/, [ˈɛs̠ːoː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈes.so/, [ˈɛsːo]
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -essō (third conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -essō | -essis | -essit | -essimus | -essitis | -essunt |
| imperfect | -essēbam | -essēbās | -essēbat | -essēbāmus | -essēbātis | -essēbant | |
| future | -essam | -essēs | -esset | -essēmus | -essētis | -essent | |
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -essor | -esseris, -essere |
-essitur | -essimur | -essiminī | -essuntur |
| imperfect | -essēbar | -essēbāris, -essēbāre |
-essēbātur | -essēbāmur | -essēbāminī | -essēbantur | |
| future | -essar | -essēris, -essēre |
-essētur | -essēmur | -essēminī | -essentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -essam | -essās | -essat | -essāmus | -essātis | -essant |
| imperfect | -esserem | -esserēs | -esseret | -esserēmus | -esserētis | -esserent | |
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -essar | -essāris, -essāre |
-essātur | -essāmur | -essāminī | -essantur |
| imperfect | -esserer | -esserēris, -esserēre |
-esserētur | -esserēmur | -esserēminī | -esserentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -esse | — | — | -essite | — |
| future | — | -essitō | -essitō | — | -essitōte | -essuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -essere | — | — | -essiminī | — |
| future | — | -essitor | -essitor | — | — | -essuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -essere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -essī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
| participles | -essēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -essendus, -essundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -essendī | -essendō | -essendum | -essendō | -um | -ū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.