Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/sukkos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *súH-s (“pig”),[1] possibly through:

earlier *sukos, germinated under the influence of *mokkus (“pig”), compare ungerminated cognate Proto-Germanic *sugō (“female pig”), from Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ó-s, from *súH-s +‎ *-k- (velar extension) +‎ *-ós;
Proto-Indo-European *su-k-ko-s, from *súH-s +‎ *-k- (intrusive velar) +‎ *-kos;[2]
earlier *suɸkus, from Proto-Indo-European *suH-pḱu-s, from *súH-s +‎ *péḱu (“livestock”).[3]

For meaning parallel, compare cognates in Ancient Greek ὗς (hûs, “pig”) and ὕνις (húnis, “plowshare”).[4]

Noun

*sukkos m[5][1][6][7]

pig (snout)
plowshare

Inflection

Masculine/feminine u-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*suxkus	*suxkū	*suxkowes
vocative	*suxku	*suxkū	*suxkūs
accusative	*suxkum	*suxkū	*suxkums
genitive	*suxkous	*suxkous	*suxkowom
dative	*suxkou	*suxkubom	*suxkubos
locative	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*suxkū	*suxkubim	*suxkubis

Alternative reconstructions

*sukkus[8]

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *hux (“pig”)
- Old Breton: hoch
  - Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
    - Breton: soc’h
- Old Cornish: hoch
  - Cornish: hogh
- Welsh: hwch
- →? Old English: hogg (“hog”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Old Breton: hoch
  - Middle Breton: hoc’h, houc’h
    - Breton: hoc’h
- Old Cornish: hoch
  - Cornish: hogh
- Welsh: hwch
- →? Old English: hogg (“hog”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
Middle Irish: socc (“snout; plowshare”)
- Irish: soc
→ Vulgar Latin: *soccus (“plowshare”)[9]
- Old French: soc
  - Middle French: soc
    - French: soc
  - ⇒ Old French: soket
    - → Middle English: socket soket
      - English: socket
- →? Proto-Brythonic: *sux (“plowshare”)
  - Middle Breton: souch
    - Breton: soc’h
  - Welsh: swch

References

Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sū̆-s, suu̯-ós”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1038
de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 35
Testen, David (1999), “Stem-final *-kk- in Celtic terms for ‘pig’”, in Ériu, pages 161–164
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὕνις, -εως, -ιος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1532
Thurneysen, Rudolf (1884), “soc”, in Keltoromanisches, die keltischen etymologieen im etymologischen worterbuch der romanischen sprachen von F. Diez (in German), Halle: Max Niemeyer, page 112: “kelt. *sŭccos”
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sū́s”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 425: “Celtic < *sukko-”
Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
Koch, John (2004), “pig *sukku-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 253
Williams, Robert (1865), “322”, in Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the Words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; With Translations in English, London: Trubner & Co., page soch

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[IEW-1] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sū̆-s, suu̯-ós”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1038

[2] Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 35

[3] Testen, David (1999), “Stem-final *-kk- in Celtic terms for ‘pig’”, in Ériu, pages 161–164

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὕνις, -εως, -ιος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1532

[5] Thurneysen, Rudolf (1884), “soc”, in Keltoromanisches, die keltischen etymologieen im etymologischen worterbuch der romanischen sprachen von F. Diez (in German), Halle: Max Niemeyer, page 112: “kelt. *sŭccos”

[EIEC-6] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sū́s”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 425: “Celtic < *sukko-”

[7] Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 158

[8] Koch, John (2004), “pig *sukku-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 253

[9] Williams, Robert (1865), “322”, in Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall, in which the Words are elucidated by Copious Examples from the Cornish Works now remaining; With Translations in English, London: Trubner & Co., page soch