< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dyḗws

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From earlier *dyéws,[1] from *dyew- +‎ *-s.

Noun

*dyḗws m

  1. sky, heaven
  2. sky god, Dyeus

Inflection
Athematic, hysterokinetic
singular
nominative *dyḗws
genitive *diwés
singular dual plural
nominative *dyḗws *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwes
vocative *dyéw *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwes
accusative *dyḗm *dyéwh₁(e) *dyéwm̥s
genitive *diwés *? *diwóHom
ablative *diwés *? *diwmós
dative *diwéy *? *diwmós
locative *dyéw, *dyéwi *? *diwsú
instrumental *diwéh₁ *? *diwmís

Notes:

  • Acc. sg. dyḗm (< *dyéw-m per Stang's law).
  • Nom. sg. dyḗws (with ē from acc. case).
  • For the name of the deity, *ph₂tḗr (“father”) is often added as an apposition, which inflects as well.

Compare with the attested Sanskrit forms

  • द्यौः (dyáuḥ, nom.sg.)
  • द्यौः (dyàuḥ, voc.sg.)
  • द्याम् (dyā́m) / दिवम् (dívam, acc.sg.)
  • दिवा (divā́) / दीवा (dīvā, instr.sg.)
  • दिवे (dive) / द्यवे (dyave, dat.sg.)
  • दिवः (diváḥ) / द्योः (dyóḥ, abl/gen.sg.)
  • दिवि (diví) / द्यवि (dyávi, loc.sg.)
  • द्यावा (dyāvā, nom.du.)
  • द्यावः (dyā́vaḥ) / दिवः (divaḥ, nom.pl.)
  • द्यून् (dyū́n) / दिवः (dívaḥ) / दिवः (diváḥ, acc.pl.)
  • द्युभिस् (dyúbhis, instr.pl.))

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian:
  • Proto-Armenian: *tiw-
  • Proto-Hellenic: *Dzéus (“sky god, Zeus”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Albanian: Zojz
  • Messapic: Zis
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *djous (see there for further descendants)
  • Lusitanian:
    • → Latin: *Reus
      • Latin: Reo (“Lusitanian theonym”, dative singular)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Baltic: *Diewas, *Deiwas (“theonym”)
      • Lithuanian: Dievas
      • Latvian: Dievs
      • Latgalian: Dīvs
      • Old Prussian: Dìews
      • Sudovian: Deivas
    • Proto-Slavic: *Divъ (possible early Slavic celestial deity)
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *divъ (“evil spirit”) (see there for further descendants)
  • → English: Dyeus

Derived terms
  • *dyḗws-ph₂tḗr
    • Proto-Hellenic: *dzéu patér (< vocative *dyéw-ph₂tér)
      • Ancient Greek: Ζεῦ πάτερ (Zeû páter)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dyā́wš-pHtā́
    • Proto-Italic: *djous patēr (see there for further descendants)

Further reading
  • Martirosyan, Hrach (2019), “Traces of Indo-European ‘Father Sky, God’ in Armenian”, in U. Bläsing, J. Dum-Tragut, T.M. van Lint, editors, Armenian, Hittite, and Indo-European Studies: A Commemoration Volume for Jos J.S. Weitenberg (Hebrew University Armenian Studies; 15), Leuven: Peeters, pages 195–196

References
  1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 337
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