Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps from *h₃ewp-.

Adverb

*upó

under, below

Derived terms

*(s)up-s
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sus-
*(s)up-s-i
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕψι (húpsi)
*(s)up-s-os ~ *(s)up-s-es-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕψος (húpsos)
- Proto-Celtic: *ouxsos (from full grade)
  - Proto-Celtic: *ouxselos
*(s)up-tos
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: subtus
*(s)up-ti-os
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὕπτιος (húptios)
*(s)up-iH-nos
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: supīnus
*(s)up-ér(i)
*(s)úp-m̥mo-s (“uppermost”)
- Proto-Celtic: *uɸamos
  - Lepontic: 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏- (uvamo-)
- Germanic: *ufumô (see there for further descendants)
- Indo-Iranian: *upamás
  - Indo-Aryan: *upamás
    - Sanskrit: उपम (upamá, “uppermost”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *upamáh
    - Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (upama), 𐬎𐬞𐬆𐬨𐬀‎ (upəma, “uppermost,highest”)
- Italic: *supemos
  - Latin: summus

Descendants

Albanian:
- Proto-Albanian: *upela
  - Albanian: ubël
- Proto-Albanian: *upera
  - Albanian: upri
Proto-Celtic: *uɸo
- Goidelic:
  - Old Irish: fo
    - Scottish Gaelic: fo
Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: ὑπό (hupó)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úpa, *upa-
  - Sanskrit: उप (úpa), उप- (upa-)
    - Hindi: उप- (up-)
Proto-Italic: *supo
- Latin: sub
- Oscan: συπ (sup)[1]
Tocharian B: spe

References

Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1105
Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “ger”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 207

Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 210

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[1] Buck, Carl (1904) A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, Ginn & Co, page 210