< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéh₁itis

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *weh₁y- (“to twine, wind”) +‎ *-tis. The reconstruction of the underlying root is heavily debated. Beekes, De Vaan, and Derksen all reconstruct *weh₁i-, each using the oblique, zero-grade stem (*uh₁i-ti-) as the etymon for the Hellenic, Italic, and Balto-Slavic branches respectively. Fortson agrees that the oblique, zero-grade stems of many nouns in *-tis and *-tus were generalized in Indo-Aryan, Hellenic, and many other branches. Other examples include:

Matasović instead reconstructs *weyh₁-, pointing out that, in Celtic, a laryngeal is lost after the diphthong -ey- and before a consonant (/eyHC/ → /eyC/) and also that -ey- regularly becomes -ē-. However, given the evidence of other Celtic nouns derived from *-tis and *-tus (*bʰértis > *britis, *ǵéwstus > *gustus, *pértus > *ɸritus), Celtic also appears to favor the zero-grade for these nouns, making the reconstruction *wéyh₁tis untenable. It is unclear whether *uh₁ítis regularly gives Celtic *wētis, but *wih₁-, the zero-grade of *weyh₁-, certainly would not.

The LIV in turn reconstructs *wyeh₁- for the verbs meaning “to wrap, twine” (Latin vieō, Sanskrit व्ययति (vyáyati), Slavic *viti); though De Vaan rejects this proposal.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Noun

*wéh₁itis f

  1. that which twines or bends
  2. branch, switch

Inflection
Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *wéh₁itis
genitive *uh₁itéys
singular dual plural
nominative *wéh₁itis *wéh₁itih₁(e) *wéh₁iteyes
vocative *wéh₁iti *wéh₁itih₁(e) *wéh₁iteyes
accusative *wéh₁itim *wéh₁itih₁(e) *wéh₁itims
genitive *uh₁itéys *? *uh₁itéyoHom
ablative *uh₁itéys *? *uh₁itímos
dative *uh₁itéyey *? *uh₁itímos
locative *uh₁itéy, *uh₁itḗy *? *uh₁itísu
instrumental *uh₁itíh₁ *? *uh₁itímis

Descendants

(From generalized zero-grade *uh₁ítis)

  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wīˀtis[2][3]
  • Proto-Celtic: *wētis[5] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *wiþiz (< generalized zero-grade *uh₁i-ti-)
  • Proto-Italic: *wītis (< generalized zero-grade *uh₁i-ti-)[8]

Unsorted formations:

  • Armenian:[9]
    • Old Armenian: գի (gi)
      • Armenian: գի (gi), գՙէ (gʿē) – Zeitun, գՙի (gʿi, “cypress”) – Pingan
      • → Georgian: გია (gia)
      • ⇒ Old Armenian: *գիհենի (*giheni) (with the botanical suffix -ենի (-eni))
        • Armenian: կէ՛նի (kḗni) – Lori, կէ՛նէ (kḗnē) – Karabakh, իգէ՛նէ (igḗnē) – Karadagh
    • →? Old Georgian: ღჳვი (ɣwivi), ღჳ (ɣwi), ღჳვაჲ (ɣwivay), ღჳაჲ (ɣwiay)
      • ⇒ Georgian: ღვია (ɣvia), ღვიო (ɣvio)
        • →⇒ Bats: ღვიე ხე (ɣvie xe)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waytasás[10][9]
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waytasás
      • Sanskrit: वेतस (vetasá, “Calamus rotang or another kind of similar reed”), वेत्र (vétra, “a big kind of Calamus”), वैतस (vaitasá)
        • Pali: vetasa, vetta
        • Sauraseni Prakrit: वेदस, वेत्त
    • Proto-Iranian: *waytaháh
      • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬌‎ (vaēti, “willow”)
      • Hawramî: ۋیکۆڵ‎ (ʋīkɔł, “willow”)
      • Kurdish:
        Northern Kurdish: bî (“willow”)
        Central Kurdish: بی‎ (bî, “willow”)
        Southern Kurdish: ڤێ‎ (vê, “willow”)
      • Middle Persian: [script needed] (wyt /wēd/, “willow”)
        • Persian: بید‎ (bid)
          • → Northern Kurdish: bîd
      • Ossetian:
        Digor: уедагӕ (wedagæ), едагӕ (edagæ, “root”)
        Iron: уи́даг (wídag)
      • Pashto: وله‎ (wala, “willow”)
      • Zazaki: vîyale (“willow”)
  • Hellenic:

References
  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἴτυς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 605
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008), “523”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 522
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015), “vytis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 508
  4. “§6.42. i- and u- stems” in Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, page 112–113.
  5. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wēti-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 418
  6. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯i̯eh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 695
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vieō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 677
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vītis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 683-684
  9. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 211–212
  10. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 578f
  11. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἰτέα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 604
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