Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰuHmás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

Noun

*dʰuHmás m

mist, fog
smoke

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰuHmás	*dʰuHmā́	*dʰuHmā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*dʰuHma	*dʰuHmā́	*dʰuHmā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*dʰuHmám	*dʰuHmā́	*dʰuHmā́ns
instrumental	*dʰuHmā́	*dʰuHmáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*dʰuHmā́yš
ablative	*dʰuHmā́t	*dʰuHmáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*dʰuHmáybʰyas
dative	*dʰuHmā́y	*dʰuHmáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*dʰuHmáybʰyas
genitive	*dʰuHmásya	*dʰuHmáyās	*dʰuHmā́na(H)m
locative	*dʰuHmáy	*dʰuHmáyaw	*dʰuHmáyšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰuHmás
- Sanskrit: धूम (dhūmá)
  - Dardic:
    - Dameli: [script needed] (dum)
    - Domaaki: [script needed] (dūm)
    - Kalami: [script needed] (dum)
    - Grangali: [script needed] (dum)
    - Kalasha: [script needed] (thum)
    - Kohistani Shina: [script needed] (dūm)
    - Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dhūm)
    - Shina: [script needed] (dum)
    - Shumashti: [script needed] (dūm)
    - Tirahi: [script needed] (dhung)
    - Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dum)
    - Kashmiri: دُہ (duh)
  - Helu:
    - Dhivehi: ދުން‎ (dun̊)
    - Sinhalese: දුම (duma)
  - Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀥𑀽𑀫 (dhūma)
    - Assamese: ধোঁৱা (dhü̃a)
    - Bengali: ধোঁয়া (dhõẏa)
    - Bihari:
      - Bhojpuri: धूआँ (dhūā̃)
      - Maithili: धूआँ (dhūā̃)
    - Oriya: ଧୂଆଁ (dhuam̐)
    - Sylheti: ꠗꠥꠝꠣ (dúma)
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Punjabi: دھواں‎ (dhū̃ā̃) / ਧੂੰਆਂ (dhū̃ā̃)
  - Pali: dhūma
  - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀥𑀽𑀫 (dhūma)
    - Garhwali: धुवाँ (dhuvā̃)
    - Gujarati: ધૂમ (dhūm)
    - Hindustani:
      - Hindi: धूआँ (dhūā̃)
      - Urdu: دھواں‎ (dhūā̃)
    - Kumaoni: धूवाँ (dhūvā̃)
    - Nepali: धूवाँ (dhūwā̃)
    - Romani: thuv
Proto-Iranian: *duHmáh
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬥𐬨𐬀𐬥‎ (dunman)
- Eastern Iranian:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (dumä)
- Southwestern Iranian
  - Persian: دود‎ (dud)
  - Northern Luri: دی‎ (di)
Proto-Nuristani: *dūmá
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: dǘm
    
    Kativiri: diúm
  - Prasuni: ülyumú
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: dū́m
  - Tregami: düm
  - Waigali: dúm

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