< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hácwā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Presumably from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háćwanā ~ *Hćunás, from Proto-Indo-European *Héḱ-wō ~ *Hḱ-unés, possibly from *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”), compare *h₂éḱmō (“stone”), and perhaps Hittite [script needed] (NA4hé-kur /NA4hekur/, “rock-temple”).

A merger likely occured with the descendants of *Hácwr̥ ~ *Hcwán (“ploughshare”), whence Ossetian æфсæн (æfsæn, “ploughshare”), Middle Persian 𐫃𐫀𐫇 𐫀𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗‎ (gʾw ʾʾhwn /gāwāhun/, “ploughshare”), Central Kurdish گاسن‎ (gasn, “ploughshare”), derived from the same root.

Noun

*Hácwā ~ *Hcunáh m

  1. iron, ironstone

Derived terms
  • *Hácwanyah (“of iron”)[1] (+ *-yah)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾspny), [script needed] (sbny /(ə)spanī/, “iron; of iron”)
    • Old Persian: *asanyaʰ
      • Middle Persian: (/āsēn, āhēn/)
        Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsyn'), [script needed] (ʾhyn')
        • ⇒ Middle Persian: (/āhēnēn/, “iron; of iron”)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsynyn')
    • Proto-Scythian: *áswani
      • Proto-Ossetic: *áspanɨ
        • Old Ossetic: *æfsæn
          • Ossetian: æфсæн (æfsæn, “iron”) (archaic)
        • ⇒ Proto-Ossetic: *áspanyāgɨ
          • Old Ossetic: *æfsæjnag
            • Ossetian: ӕфсæйнаг (æfsæjnag, “iron”)
    • Sogdian: (/(ə)spen, (ə)span/, “iron; iron fetter; chain”)
      Syriac script: ܣܦܝܢ‎ (spyn), [Syriac needed] pl (spyntʾ)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: (/spanīk, sfanīk/, “iron; of iron”)
        Syriac script: ܣܦܢܝܩ‎ (spnyq), [Syriac needed] (sfnyq)
  • *Háyahcwanah[2] (+ *Háyah (“iron, metal”))
    • Proto-Scythian: *ḗswani
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ḗśwani
        • Proto-Saka: *hḗśśani
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (hīśśanä)
        • Wakhi: išn, yišn
  • *HcwánayHnah (“of iron”) (+ *-ayHnah)
    • Old Avestan: *spanaēna
      • ⇒ Old Avestan: *haospanaēna (literally “of good iron”) (+ 𐬵𐬎-‎ (hu-))
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬯𐬀𐬟𐬥𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀‎ f (haosafnaēna, “of steel”)
    • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (spnynk)
    • Sogdian: (/(ə)spanēn/, “iron; of iron”)
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼏‎ (ʾspnʾyn)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: (/(ə)spanēnč/, “iron; of iron”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝‎ (spnync), 𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫝𐫀‎ (spnyncʾ)
        Syriac script: [Syriac needed] (spnync), [Syriac needed] (spnyncʾ)
      • ⇒ Sogdian: (/(ə)spanēnē/, “iron; of iron”)
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫗𐫏𐫗𐫏‎ (ʾspnyny)
        Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼀𐼋‎ (ʾspnʾynʾʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋‎ (ʾspnʾynʾk), 𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼀𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼊‎ (spnʾynʾy), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼊𐼎𐼀𐼋‎ (ʾspnynʾk), 𐼀𐼑𐼔𐼎𐼎𐼊‎ (ʾspnny)

Descendants
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Pathan: *ṓspəna[3][4]
      • Pashto: وسپنه‎ f (wë́spëna), اوسپنه‎ (óspëna)
    • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
      • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (ṣ̌pïn)
      • Sanglechi: [script needed] (ᵊšpōṇ)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ū́spən
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha: *ọ̄spən
        • Munji: [script needed] (yūspə́n)
        • Yidgha: رسپن‎ (rispën)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ǽspən
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *spən
          • Sarikoli: spin, sipin
          • Shughni:
            Khufi: sipun
            Khughni: sipin
            Oroshori: sẹpin
        • Yazghulami: spón, səpón, spů́n, səpů́n
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: آسن‎ (âsin, âsan)
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: ئاسن‎ (asn)
      Northern Kurdish: hesin, asin
      Southern Kurdish: ئاسن‎ (asn)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Lasgerdi: آسین (āsīn)
      • Old Median:
        • Middle Median:
          • Kermanic:
            • Zoroastrian Dari: وهن‎ (vohen)
          • Harzani: اسن (ösön)
          • Talysh: آسین‎ (âsin), اسون‎ (asön)
        • Semnani: آسین (āsīn)
      • Parthian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗‎ (ʾswn /āsun/)
        • ⇒ Parthian: (/āsunēn/, “of iron”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗‎ (ʾswnyn), 𐫀𐫀𐫘𐫇𐫗𐫏𐫗‎ (ʾʾswnyn)
      • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        • Gurani: ئاسن‎ (āsen)
        • Zazaki: asın (āsen)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *asā ~ *aθunaʰ
      • Middle Persian: (/āhun, āhan/)
        Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫍𐫇𐫗‎ (ʾhwn)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾsn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhn')
        • Lurish:
          Northern Luri: آهه‎ (āhe)
          Bakhtiari: آهن‎ (āhen)
        • Classical Persian: آهن‎ (āhan)
          Dari: آهن‎ (āhan)
          Iranian Persian: آهن‎ (āhan, āhen)
          Tajik: оҳан (ohan)
          Tat: ohu
          • → Baluchi: آهن‎ (àhin)
          • Mazanderani: آهین‎ (āhīn)
          • → Zoroastrian Dari: آهن‎ (āhen)
          • → Yagnobi: оҳан (ohan)

Further reading
  • Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, Brill Academic Publishers, page 177: “*ā́swanyā-; *āsuna-”
  • Cheung, Johnny (2002) Studies in the Historical Development of the Ossetic Vocalism (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 25: “*su̯ana-”
  • Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*(a)śu̯ana-, *(a)śu̯ina- (?)”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 246-247

References
  1. Bailey, H. W. (1979), “hīśśana-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, pages 486-487: “*aśu̯anya-; *aśu̯ana-”
  2. Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), “*ai̯ah-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 146-147: “*ai̯ah- + *śu̯ana-,”
  3. Schmitt, Rüdiger, editor (1989) Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 399: “*ātsu̯anii̯ā”
  4. Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “'ospəna”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN, page 18: “Indo-Ir *ā̆ś(u)u̯an(y)ā- > Pš *auspana-; cf. Khot hīśśana- (DKS 486), Khwar ʾspny, Sogd spnync; Man MPrs ʾʾhwn (< *āθuna-), Pth ʾʾswn; Bal, Kurd āsin (< *āsuna-)”
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