< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/cwáHdaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwáHdʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ (dual), from *ḱweh₁-, *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, be great”)[1]. Possible cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌‎ (sūidiiāi, “to swell, increase”, inf.), Bactrian σοδο (sodo /sūdo/, “plenty”), Middle Persian [script needed] (swd /sūd/), [script needed] (swwd /sūd/, “profit, advantage”), Sanskrit शवस् (śavas, “strength, superiority”).

Noun

*cwáHdaH m

  1. army

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬛𐬀‎ (spāda)
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬜𐬀‎ (spāδa)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Northern Kurdish: s(i)pa, supa
    • Old Median: *spā́δā
      • → Old Persian: *spādā
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (*spʾd /*spāy/)
    • Parthian: *𐭎𐭐𐭀𐭃‎ (*spʾd /*spāδ/)
      Manichaean: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫅‎ (ʿspʾd /ispāδ/)
      • → Old Armenian: սպահ (spah)
      • → Middle Persian:
        Manichaean: 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫍‎ (spʾh)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧‎ (spʾḥ)
        Pazend: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵‎ (spāh)
        • Classical Persian: سپاه‎ (sipāh)
          • Iranian Persian: سپاه‎ (sepâh)
          • → Ottoman Turkish: سپاه‎ (sipâh)
          • → Urdu: سپاه‎ (sipāh)
          • ⇒ Persian: سپاهی‎ (sepâhi) (see there for further descendants)
        • → Georgian: სპა (sṗa)
        • → Classical Syriac: ܐܣܦܗ‎ (ʾsph)[3]
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Persian: سباشی‎ (sabâši, “title of the chief of army in Khwarezm”) (probably source of Turkic savaş)

References
  1. Kent, Roland G. (1950), “spada-”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 210
  2. Абаев, В. И. (1958), “æfsad | æfsad”, in Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow, Leningrad: Academy Press, page 479
  3. “ˀsph”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
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