< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gvozdь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gwesd- (“dense, compact, clumped”), via Proto-Balto-Slavic *gwasdís, *gwasdwī́ˀ (whence Old Church Slavonic гвоздвьи (gvozdvĭj)). Possibly cognate with Armenian կոշտ (košt, “hard, tough, crude”) and akin to o-stem Proto-Celtic *bozdos[1] (whence Middle Irish bot (“tail, penis”), Welsh both (“hub, nave”)).

Noun

*gvȍzdь m[2][3][4]

  1. (originally) wooden peg
    Synonyms: *klinъ, *žerbьľь, *grezdьjь
  2. nail, iron spike

Alternative forms
  • *gvozdьjь (thematized)
  • *gvožďь (yo-stem, in Northern Slavic)
  • *gvozdъ (o-stem, principally meaning “thicket”)

Declension
Declension of *gvȍzdь (i-stem, accent paradigm c)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *gvȍzdь *gvȍzdi *gvȍzdьjē, *gvȍzďē*
Accusative *gvȍzdь *gvȍzdi *gvȍzdi
Genitive *gvozdí *gvozdьjù, *gvozďu* *gvozdь̀jь
Locative *gvozdí *gvozdьjù, *gvozďu* *gvȍzdьxъ
Dative *gvȍzdi *gvozdьmà *gvȍzdьmъ
Instrumental *gvȍzdьmь *gvozdьmà *gvozdьmì
Vocative *gvozdi *gvȍzdi *gvȍzdьjē, *gvȍzďē*
* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms
  • *gvozditi (“to nail”)
  • *gvozditi (“to stiffen”)
  • *gvozdъ (“dense woodland, thicket”)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ), гвоздъ (gvozdŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic: гвоздь (gvozdĭ)
    • Bulgarian: гво́зд (gvózd) (dialectal, o-stem)
    • Macedonian: гос (gos) (dialectal)
    • Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)
      Cyrillic: гво̑зд (“iron spike”)
      Latin: gvȏzd (“iron spike”)
  • West Slavic:
  • Non-Slavic:
    • → Albanian: gozdë

Further reading

References
  1. Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 372
  2. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gvozdь; *gvozdъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 196: “m. i; m o ‘nail’”
  3. Olander, Thomas (2001), “gvozdь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c søm (PR 138)”
  4. Snoj, Marko (2016), “gozd”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gvȍzdь”
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