Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/město

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *moyth₂- (“to change place”)[1] + *-to, substantivized from an earlier adjective. Cognate[2] with Pashto مېشت‎ (mēšt, “settled”) (< *máištah). Likely not a direct cognate, but still possibly related to Lithuanian maĩstas (“nourishment, food”).

The secondary sense “city, urban center” is a calque of Old High German stat < Proto-Germanic *stadiz (“stead, place”).

Noun

*mě̀sto n[3][4][1]

(primary) place, location
(secondary, in Northern Slavic) city, town, settlement

Declension

Declension of *mě̀sto (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*mě̀sto	*mě̀stě	*mě̀sta
Accusative	*mě̀sto	*mě̀stě	*mě̀sta
Genitive	*mě̀sta	*mě̀stu	*mě̀stъ
Locative	*mě̀stě	*mě̀stu	*mě̀stě̄xъ
Dative	*mě̀stu	*mě̀stoma	*mě̀stomъ
Instrumental	mě̀stъmь, mě̀stomь^*	*mě̀stoma	*mě̀stȳ
Vocative	*mě̀sto	*mě̀stě	*mě̀sta

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*městiti (“to move, to change location”)
- *poměščenьje (“room, space”)
*městьce, *městъko (diminutive)
*městina (“space”)
*městьnъ (“local”)
- *městьnikъ (“local”)
- *městьnostь (“vicinity”)
*městovъ (“locative”)
*vъměsto, *naměsto (“instead”); *vъměstě (“along with”) (adverbs)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: мѣсто (město, “place, location”)
  - Old Ruthenian: мѣсто (město, “city; place, location”)
    - Belarusian: ме́ста (mjésta, “city”)
    - Rusyn: місто (misto, “city”) (regional)
    - Ukrainian: мі́сто (místo, “city”)
  - Russian: ме́сто (mésto)
  - → Finnish: mesta
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: мѣсто (město)
- Bulgarian: мя́сто (mjásto)
- Macedonian: ме́сто (mésto)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: мје̏сто, ме̏сто
  
  Latin script: mjȅsto, mȅsto
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): mȉsto
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): mȅsto
  - Kajkavian (Bednja): mȅste
- Slovene: mẹ́sto (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: město (“city”)
  - Czech: město (“city”), místo (“place, location”)
- Kashubian: miasto (“city”)
- Old Polish: miasto (“location, state”)
  - Polish: miasto (“city”)
  - → Latvian: miẽsts (“city”)
  - → Lithuanian: miẽstas (“city”)
  - → Old Prussian: mestan (“city”)
- Silesian: miasto
- Slovak: mesto (“city”), miesto (“place, location”)
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: město (“city”)
  - Upper Sorbian: město (“city”)

References

Snoj, Marko (2016), “mesto”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *mě̋sto”
Kim, Ronald (2021), “Slavic-Iranian contacts. Linguistic relations”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online‎, Brill: “*mēsta ‘place’ (OCSl. město; Pol. miasto, Cz. město ‘city’) < OIr. *maista-”
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mě̀sto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313: “n. o (a) ‘place’”
Olander, Thomas (2001), “město”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132; MP 24; RPT 111)”

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[Snoj-1] Snoj, Marko (2016), “mesto”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *mě̋sto”

[2] Kim, Ronald (2021), “Slavic-Iranian contacts. Linguistic relations”, in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online‎, Brill: “*mēsta ‘place’ (OCSl. město; Pol. miasto, Cz. město ‘city’) < OIr. *maista-”

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mě̀sto”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 313: “n. o (a) ‘place’”

[4] Olander, Thomas (2001), “město”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132; MP 24; RPT 111)”