Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/nuďa

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

*nǫďa

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂ut- (“torment, misfortune”), from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w- (“the dead, corpse”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

nùďa f

need, necessity

Declension

Declension of *nuďa (soft a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*nuďa	*nuďi	*nuďę̇
Accusative	*nuďǫ	*nuďi	*nuďę̇
Genitive	*nuďę̇	*nuďu	*nuďь
Locative	*nuďi	*nuďu	nuďasъ, nuďaxъ^*
Dative	*nuďi	*nuďama	*nuďamъ
Instrumental	nuďejǫ, nuďǫ^**	*nuďama	*nuďami
Vocative	*nuďe	*nuďi	*nuďę̇

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*nùditi, *nǫ̀diti (“to compel, to force”)
*nutiti, *nǫtiti (“to compel, to force”)
*nukati, *nǫkati (“to urge, to incite”)
*nyti (“to yearn”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: нужа (nuža)
  - Belarusian: ну́жа (núža) (archaic or dialectal?)
  - Russian: ну́жа (núža) (archaic or dialectal)
  - Ukrainian: ну́жа (núža) (archaic or dialectal?)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: ноужда (nužda), нѫжда (nǫžda) (from *nǫďa)
  - Bulgarian: нужда (nužda)
  - → Russian: нужда́ (nuždá)
  - → Serbo-Croatian: ну̏жда / nȕžda
- Macedonian: нужда (nužda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: нуђа or нудја, нуја
  
  Latin script: nuđa or nudja, nuja
- Slovene: núja
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: núzě
  - Czech: nouze
- Old Polish: nędza
  - Polish: nędza
- Slovak: núdza
- Sorbian:
  Lower Sorbian: nuza
  
  Upper Sorbian: nuza

References

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “нужа”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*nudja”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 359

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