bꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Noun 1:

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /biʀ/ → /biʀ/ → /βej/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /bɑ/
- Conventional anglicization: ba

Noun

m

The soul or personality of a being, which, in Egyptian belief survived after death but needed to be sustained with offerings of food; ba.

Inflection

Declension of bꜣ (masculine)

singular	bꜣ
dual	bꜣwj
plural	bꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bꜣ

bꜣ

Derived terms

bꜣw (“the dead (as a collective)”)

Descendants

Old Coptic: ⲃⲁⲓ (bai)

Noun

m

ram

Inflection

Declension of bꜣ (masculine)

singular	bꜣ
dual	bꜣwj
plural	bꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bꜣ

bꜣ

Descendants

From bꜣ ꜥꜣ nj pt (literally “he-goat of heaven”):

⇒ Demotic: bj-ꜥꜣ-n-pt (“he-goat”)
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (baampe)

Noun

m

leopard

Inflection

Declension of bꜣ (masculine)

singular	bꜣ
dual	bꜣwj
plural	bꜣw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bꜣ

bꜣ

Related terms

ꜣby

Noun

m

leopard skin

Inflection

Declension of bꜣ (masculine)

singular	bꜣ
dual	bꜣwj
plural	bꜣw

Verb

2-lit.

(intransitive) to be(come) animate, to possess a ba

Inflection

Conjugation of bꜣ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: bꜣ, geminated stem: bꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
bꜣ	bꜣw, bꜣ	bꜣt	bꜣ, j.bꜣ	bꜣ, j.bꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
bꜣ	ḥr bꜣ	m bꜣ	r bꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
aspect / mood	active	aspect / mood	active
perfect	bꜣ.n	consecutive	bꜣ.jn
terminative	bꜣt	consecutive	bꜣ.jn
perfective³	bꜣ	obligative¹	bꜣ.ḫr
imperfective	bꜣ, j.bꜣ¹	obligative¹	bꜣ.ḫr
prospective³	bꜣ	potentialis¹	bꜣ.kꜣ
subjunctive	bꜣ, j.bꜣ¹	potentialis¹	bꜣ.kꜣ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	bꜣ.n	—	—
perfective	bꜣ	bꜣ	bꜣꜣ, bꜣꜣj⁶, bꜣ², bꜣw^{2 5}, bꜣy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.bꜣ¹, bꜣ, bꜣy, bꜣw⁵	j.bꜣ¹, j.bꜣw^{1 5}, bꜣ, bꜣj⁶, bꜣy⁶	bꜣ, bꜣw⁵
prospective	bꜣ, bꜣtj⁷	bꜣtj⁴, bꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bꜣ

bꜣ

Etymology 5

Perhaps from root consonants b-l.

Verb

2-lit.

(transitive) dig up earth, hoe
(transitive) destroy

Inflection

Conjugation of bꜣ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: bꜣ, geminated stem: bꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
bꜣ	bꜣw, bꜣ	bꜣt	bꜣ, j.bꜣ	bꜣ, j.bꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
bꜣ	ḥr bꜣ	m bꜣ	r bꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	bꜣ.n	bꜣw, bꜣ	consecutive	bꜣ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	bꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	bꜣt
perfective³	bꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	bꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	bꜣ, j.bꜣ¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	bꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	bꜣ	bꜣꜣ	potentialis¹	bꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	bꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	bꜣ, j.bꜣ¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	bꜣ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	bꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	bꜣ	bꜣꜣ, bꜣꜣj⁶, bꜣ², bꜣw^{2 5}, bꜣy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.bꜣ¹, bꜣ, bꜣy, bꜣw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.bꜣ¹, j.bꜣw^{1 5}, bꜣ, bꜣj⁶, bꜣy⁶	bꜣ, bꜣw⁵
prospective	bꜣ, bꜣtj⁷	—	bꜣtj⁴, bꜣt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Related terms

brbr "to dig"
ⲃⲟⲗⲃⲗ (bolbl) "to dig up"

References

Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN

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