garbh
Irish
Pronunciation
Adjective
garbh (genitive singular masculine gairbh, genitive singular feminine gairbhe, plural garbha, comparative gairbhe)
- rough
- uneven, rugged; coarse in texture
- coarse, gross
- ungentle, harsh, crude, violent
- unfinished, unpolished, inexact, approximate
Declension
Declension of garbh
| Singular | Plural (m/f) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | garbh | gharbh | garbha; gharbha² | |
| Vocative | ghairbh | garbha | ||
| Genitive | gairbhe | garbha | garbh | |
| Dative | garbh; gharbh¹ |
gharbh; ghairbh (archaic) |
garbha; gharbha² | |
| Comparative | níos gairbhe | |||
| Superlative | is gairbhe | |||
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.
Derived terms
- adhgharbh (“very rough”, adjective)
- gairbhe f (“roughness, coarseness; grossness, largeness”)
- garbh-bhéal m (“coarse mouth; coarse speech”)
- garbhadas m (“roughness, coarseness; violence; rough weather”)
- garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”, verb)
- garbhán m (“coarse substance; coarse-grained object or person”)
- garbhánach m (“coarse-grained person; sea-bream”)
- garbhanálú m (“rough breathing”)
- garbhánta (“coarse-grained, coarse-fibred”, adjective)
- garbhántacht f (“coarseness (of grain, fibre); roughness, wildness”)
- garbhchiumhaiseach (“rough-edged; deckle-edged”, adjective)
- garbhchloch f (“rough, uncut, stone”)
- garbhchríoch f (“rough boundary; rough region”)
- garbhchumtha (“rough-shaped; rugged-featured”, adjective)
- garbhdhéanta (“rough-made, coarse; rugged-featured”, adjective)
- garbhghlórach (“rough-spoken, raucous”, adjective)
- garbhghnúiseach (“rough-visaged”, adjective)
- garbhiarann m (“pig-iron”)
- garbhiasc m (“large sea-fish”)
- garbhlabhartha (“rough-spoken”, adjective)
- garbhlach m (“rough ground”)
- garbhlus m (“goose grass; catchweed, cleavers”)
- garbhóg f (“coarse object or person”)
- garbhógach f (“club moss”)
- garbhphlána m (“jack-plane”)
- garbhshíon f (“rough weather”)
- garbhshnoigh (“rough-hew”, transitive verb)
- garbhtheilg (“rough-cast”, transitive verb)
- garbhtheilgean m (“rough-cast”)
- garbhuille m (“approach shot”)
Verb
garbh (present analytic garbhann, future analytic garbhfaidh, verbal noun garbhadh, past participle garfa)
- (transitive, intransitive) Alternative form of garbhaigh (“roughen; become rough”)
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
| singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
| indicative | present | garbhaim | garbhann tú; garbhair† |
garbhann sé, sí | garbhaimid | garbhann sibh | garbhann siad; garbhaid† |
a gharbhann; a gharbhas / a ngarbhann*; a ngarbhas* |
garbhtar |
| past | gharbh mé; gharbhas | gharbh tú; gharbhais | gharbh sé, sí | gharbhamar; gharbh muid | gharbh sibh; gharbhabhair | gharbh siad; gharbhadar | a gharbh / ar gharbh* |
garbhadh | |
| past habitual | gharbhainn / ngarbhainn‡‡ | gharbhtá / ngarbhtᇇ | gharbhadh sé, sí / ngarbhadh sé, s퇇 | gharbhaimis; gharbhadh muid / ngarbhaimis‡‡; ngarbhadh muid‡‡ | gharbhadh sibh / ngarbhadh sibh‡‡ | gharbhaidís; gharbhadh siad / ngarbhaidís‡‡; ngarbhadh siad‡‡ | a gharbhadh / a ngarbhadh* |
gharbhtaí / ngarbhta퇇 | |
| future | garbhfaidh mé; garbhfad |
garbhfaidh tú; garbhfair† |
garbhfaidh sé, sí | garbhfaimid; garbhfaidh muid |
garbhfaidh sibh | garbhfaidh siad; garbhfaid† |
a gharbhfaidh; a gharbhfas / a ngarbhfaidh*; a ngarbhfas* |
garbhfar | |
| conditional | gharbhfainn / ngarbhfainn‡‡ | gharbhfá / ngarbhfᇇ | gharbhfadh sé, sí / ngarbhfadh sé, s퇇 | gharbhfaimis; gharbhfadh muid / ngarbhfaimis‡‡; ngarbhfadh muid‡‡ | gharbhfadh sibh / ngarbhfadh sibh‡‡ | gharbhfaidís; gharbhfadh siad / ngarbhfaidís‡‡; ngarbhfadh siad‡‡ | a gharbhfadh / a ngarbhfadh* |
gharbhfaí / ngarbhfa퇇 | |
| subjunctive | present | go ngarbha mé; go ngarbhad† |
go ngarbha tú; go ngarbhair† |
go ngarbha sé, sí | go ngarbhaimid; go ngarbha muid |
go ngarbha sibh | go ngarbha siad; go ngarbhaid† |
— | go ngarbhtar |
| past | dá ngarbhainn | dá ngarbhtá | dá ngarbhadh sé, sí | dá ngarbhaimis; dá ngarbhadh muid |
dá ngarbhadh sibh | dá ngarbhaidís; dá ngarbhadh siad |
— | dá ngarbhtaí | |
| imperative | garbhaim | garbh | garbhadh sé, sí | garbhaimis | garbhaigí; garbhaidh† |
garbhaidís | — | garbhtar | |
| verbal noun | garbhadh | ||||||||
| past participle | garfa | ||||||||
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Mutation
| Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
| garbh | gharbh | ngarbh |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “garbh”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page 43
- Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, page 34
Scottish Gaelic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkaɾav/
Mutation
| Scottish Gaelic mutation | |
|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition |
| garbh | gharbh |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |
References
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 garb”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
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