oser
French
Etymology
From Old French oser, from Late Latin ausāre, frequentative from Latin audeō, from Proto-Italic *awidēō (“to be greedy, want very much”). Compare Occitan ausar.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /o.ze/
audio (file)
Verb
oser
- to dare
- Je n'ose pas lui dire la vérité.
- I don't dare tell him the truth.
- (Switzerland) to be allowed to
Conjugation
Conjugation of oser (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | oser | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | osant /o.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | osé /o.ze/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | ose /oz/ |
oses /oz/ |
ose /oz/ |
osons /o.zɔ̃/ |
osez /o.ze/ |
osent /oz/ |
| imperfect | osais /o.zɛ/ |
osais /o.zɛ/ |
osait /o.zɛ/ |
osions /o.zjɔ̃/ |
osiez /o.zje/ |
osaient /o.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | osai /o.ze/ |
osas /o.za/ |
osa /o.za/ |
osâmes /o.zam/ |
osâtes /o.zat/ |
osèrent /o.zɛʁ/ | |
| future | oserai /oz.ʁe/ |
oseras /oz.ʁa/ |
osera /oz.ʁa/ |
oserons /oz.ʁɔ̃/ |
oserez /oz.ʁe/ |
oseront /oz.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | oserais /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserais /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserait /oz.ʁɛ/ |
oserions /o.zə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
oseriez /o.zə.ʁje/ |
oseraient /oz.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | ose /oz/ |
oses /oz/ |
ose /oz/ |
osions /o.zjɔ̃/ |
osiez /o.zje/ |
osent /oz/ |
| imperfect2 | osasse /o.zas/ |
osasses /o.zas/ |
osât /o.za/ |
osassions /o.za.sjɔ̃/ |
osassiez /o.za.sje/ |
osassent /o.zas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | ose /oz/ |
— | osons /o.zɔ̃/ |
osez /o.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Related terms
Further reading
- “oser”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Old French
Etymology
From Late Latin ausāre, frequentative from Latin audēre.
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-st are modified to s, st. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of oser (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | oser | avoir osé | |||||
| gerund | en osant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | osant | ||||||
| past participle | osé | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | os | oses | ose | osons | osez | osent |
| imperfect | osoie, oseie, osoe, oseve | osoies, oseies, osoes, oseves | osoit, oseit, osot, oseve | osiiens, osiens | osiiez, osiez | osoient, oseient, osoent, osevent | |
| preterite | osai | osas | osa | osames | osastes | oserent | |
| future | oserai | oseras | osera | oserons | oseroiz, osereiz, oserez | oseront | |
| conditional | oseroie, osereie | oseroies, osereies | oseroit, osereit | oseriiens, oseriens | oseriiez, oseriez | oseroient, osereient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | os | os | ost | osons | osez | osent |
| imperfect | osasse | osasses | osast | osissons, osissiens | osissoiz, osissez, osissiez | osassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | ose | — | osons | osez | — | ||
Descendants
- French: oser
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