Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/tôpu

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Cariban

Noun

*tôpu

stone

Descendants

Guianan:
- Apalaí: topu
- Galibi Carib: topu
- Proto-Taranoan: *təpu
  - Akurio: tëpu
  - Carijona: tëhu
  - Trió: tëpu
- Wayana: tëpu
Kuikuroan:
- Kuikúro: tehu
Maquiritari: töju, tö'ju
Parukotoan:
- Hixkaryana: tohu
- Kaxuyana: tohu
- Waiwai: toopu
Pekodian:
- Bakairí: tâu (“big waterfall”)
Venezuelan Cariban:
- Mapoyan:
  - Mapoyo: tëpu
  - Yabarana: tëppu
- Panare: to', të'
- Pemongan:
  - Akawaio: töpu, tök, tö', tï'
  - Macushi: tî'
  - Pemon: töpu, tö'
Waimiri-Atroari: topy
Yukpan:
- Yukpa: top

References

Gildea, Spike (2012) “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family” in Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, pages 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, page 449.
Meira, Sérgio and Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family” in International Journal of American Linguistics 71, pages 127-192.
Matter, Florian (ed.) (2021) Comparative Cariban Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at , Accessed on 2022-04-11.)
Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary, page 390.
Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “töju”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon

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