< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Uncertain; hypotheses include:

  • Cognate with Sanskrit उष्ट्र (úṣṭra, “buffalo”), Persian اشتر‎ (oštor), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)us-r-(en-) (“(red) bull, aurochs”), from *h₂ews-r- (“dawn”) after its reddish color.[1] (See *austraz.)
  • From Proto-Indo-European *(u)rs-én- (“male animal”).[2][3] Kroonen assumes that the an-stem form is original and was replaced dialectally by a u-stem, to which he finds a parallel development in *arô (“eagle”).
  • From Proto-Indo-European *awǝ-, *ewǝ- (“flowing water”), analogous to the derivation of *uhsô. If so, then related to Old Norse úr (“dampness, fine rain, drizzle”), Old English ēar (“sea, ocean”). (See *auraz, *ūrą.) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*ūraz m

  1. aurochs

Inflection
masculine a-stemDeclension of *ūraz (masculine a-stem)
singular plural
nominative *ūraz *ūrōz, *ūrōs
vocative *ūr *ūrōz, *ūrōs
accusative *ūrą *ūranz
genitive *ūras, *ūris *ūrǫ̂
dative *ūrai *ūramaz
instrumental *ūrō *ūramiz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *ūr
    • Old English: ūr
      • Middle English: oure
    • Old Saxon: *ūr
      • German Low German: Ur
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: ūrosse
    • Old Dutch: *ūr
      • Middle Dutch: *uur
        • ⇒ Dutch: uuros (the historical form, attested once)
    • Old High German: ūro
  • Old Norse: úrr
  • Gothic: 𐌿𐍂𐍃 (urs)
  • →? Latin: urus
  • →? Proto-Finnic: *uros (see there for further descendants)
  • →? Proto-Samic: *orēs (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2012), “The Germanic reflexes of PIE *-sr- in the context of Verner's Law”, in Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegard Rasmussen, editors, The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, page 120
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ūru-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 561
  3. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*ūruz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
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