< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰéyōm

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

From *ǵʰey- (“winter”) +‎ *-ōm.

Noun

*ǵʰéyōm f[2]

  1. winter
  2. year (as a measure of time)
    Synonyms: *wétos, *yóh₁r̥
  3. frost, snow
    Synonyms: *snígʷʰs, *snóygʷʰos

Inflection
Athematic, amphikinetic
singular
nominative *ǵʰéyōm
genitive *ǵʰimés
singular dual plural
nominative *ǵʰéyōm — —
vocative *ǵʰéyom — —
accusative *ǵʰéyōm — —
genitive *ǵʰimés — —
ablative *ǵʰimés — —
dative *ǵʰiméy — —
locative *ǵʰyém, *ǵʰyémi — —
instrumental *ǵʰiméh₁ — —

Derived terms
  • *ǵʰ(e)i-m-ḗr or *ǵʰéy-m-r̥[3][4]
    • ⇒ *ǵʰeym-er-i(H)nó-s
      • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰeimerinós
      • Proto-Italic: *heimrinos
    • Proto-Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ձմեռն (jmeṙn) (from acc.sg. *ǵʰim-ér-m) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰímər
  • *ǵʰeym-eh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źeimā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • *ǵʰyem-os
    • Proto-Celtic: *gyemos (see there for further descendants)
  • *-ǵʰim-os (“years old”, literally “winters old”) (often as a second member of compound adjectives)
    • ⇒ *dús-ǵʰim-os
      • Proto-Hellenic: *dúskʰimos
        • Ancient Greek: δύσχιμος (dúskhimos, “of bad years; troublesome”)
    • ⇒ *dwi-ǵʰim-os (“two years old”, literally “of two winters”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *twigimaz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *dwihimos
    • ⇒ *tri-ǵʰim-os (“three years old”, literally “of three winters”)
      • Proto-Italic: *trihimos
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-źʰimas
        • Sanskrit: -हिम (-hima) (ex. शतहिम (śatáhima, “hundred-year-old”))
      • Proto-Iranian: *-ȷ́ʰimah
        • Avestan: -𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨𐬀‎ (-ziiama)
          • ⇒ Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬋𐬹𐬰𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬨‎ (hazaŋrō ziiam, “thousand-year (lit), millennium”)
            • → Middle Persian: (/hazangrōzim/, “Zoroastrian millennium”)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hznglwzym), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hcnklwcym)

Descendants
  • Proto-Anatolian:
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ձիւն (jiwn, “snow”) (from gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós)[5] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *gōį̄
    • Old Norse: gói (“late winter”), gæ
      • Icelandic: góa
      • Swedish: göja
      • Scanian: Gyja
      • Norwegian: gjø, dial. goi, goa, go
      • Danish: gue (dial.)
      • Faroese: gø (“Mars”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰimás (from gen.sg. *ǵʰim-ós) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʰiṓn (“snow”)
    • Ancient Greek: χιών (khiṓn) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *hiom-

See also
Seasons in Proto-Indo-European · [Term?] (layout · text) · category
*wósr̥ (“spring”) *semh₂- (“summer”) *(s)h₁es- (“autumn”) *ǵʰéyōm (“winter”)

References
  1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 294.1
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “hiems”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1620
  4. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jmeṙn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 436–337
  5. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “jiwn”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 434–435
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.