Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ḱel-[1][2]

to cover

Extensions

*ḱley-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel- (cover)

*ḱél-e-ti (thematic root present)
*ḱl̥-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *huljaną (see there for further descendants)
*ḱél-dʰh₁e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)
- Proto-Germanic: *haldaną (“to hold, to keep”) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱél-mn̥
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćárma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śárma
    - Sanskrit: शर्मन् (śárman)
*ḱél-mō
- Proto-Germanic: *helmô (see there for further descendants)
*ḱel-mos
- Proto-Germanic: *helmaz (“helmet”) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱel-nó- ~ *ḱol-nó-
- Proto-Germanic: *hallō (“hall”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kelnā
  - Latin: cella (see there for further descendants)

*ḱēl-is
- Proto-Germanic: *hēliz (“deceitful”) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱél-ōs ~ *ḱél-es-
- Proto-Germanic: *hulisō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kelōs (“outside, aspect”)
  - Latin: color, colōs
    - Aragonese: color
    - Asturian: color, collor
    - Catalan: color m
    - Dalmatian: colaur
    - Emilian: culåur
    - Friulian: colôr
    - Italian: colore
    - Ladin: corú, curú, culour, culëur, color, culòur
    - Kristang: klor
    - Mirandese: quelor
    - Old French: color f, colour
      - → English: color, colour
        → Cebuano: kolor
      - French: couleur
        Karipúna Creole French: kuló
        Haitian Creole: koulè
        Romanian: culoare (borrowing)
        → Danish: kulør
      - Norman: couleu (Jersey), couleur (Guernsey), couoleu (continental Normandy)
      - → Middle Dutch: coleur
        Dutch: kleur
        Afrikaans: kleur
        → West Frisian: kleur
    - Old Galician-Portuguese: coor f
      - Galician: cor f
      - Portuguese: cor f
    - Old Occitan: color f
      - Occitan: color f
    - Old Spanish: color m
      - Spanish: color m or f
    - Romagnol: culòr
    - Romansch: colur, calur, calour, culur
    - Sardinian: cabori, caori, colore, colori
    - Sicilian: culuri
    - Venetian: cołor
    - → Welsh: colur
*ḱol-es-o-
- Ancient Greek: κολεός (koleós), κουλεός (kouleós)
  - Greek: κολεός (koleós)
  - → Latin: cōleus (see there for further descendants)
*ḱel-yo-
- Proto-Germanic: *haljō (“netherworld”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *keljom
  - Latin: cilium (“eyelid”) (see there for further descendants)
*ḱl-eh₂-
- Proto-Italic: *klām
  - Latin: clam (“secretly”)
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Baltic:
  - Old Prussian: kelmis
  - Lithuanian: šálmas
- Proto-Germanic: [Term?] (“to conceal”)
  - Old English: *hellan, helian
    - Middle English: helen (merger with helan)
      - English: hele, heel
      - Scots: heil
  - Old Frisian: *hella, *hiella (attested in bihella, bihiella (“to cover, hide”))
  - Old Saxon: hellian (bihellian)
  - Old High German: hellen
    - Middle High German: *heln (attested in entheln (“to uncover”))
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hallō (see there for further descendants)
- Ancient Greek: καλύπτω (kalúptō), Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ), καλύβη (kalúbē), κέλυφος (kéluphos), κελέβη (kelébē), κάλπις (kálpis)
  - Greek: καλύπτω (kalýpto), καλύβη (kalývi), καλύβα (kalýva), κέλυφος (kélyfos), κάλπη (kálpi)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaranás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaranás
    - Sanskrit: शरण (śaraṇá)
  - Proto-Iranian: *caranáh
    - >? Persian: سرمه‎ (sorme)
- Latin: cālīgō (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: cēlō (see there for further descendants)

Root

*ḱel-[3][4]

to incline

Extensions

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱel- (incline)

*h₂eus-ḱl̥-t-eh₂-ye-ti (thematic ye-present)
- Proto-Italic: *auskultā
  - Latin: auscultō (see there for further descendants)
*ḱól-to-s[5]
- Proto-Germanic: *halþaz (see there for further descendants)
*ḱl̥-tó-s[6]
- Proto-Germanic: *hulþaz (see there for further descendants)
*ḱól-i-s[7]
- Proto-Baltic:
  - Lithuanian: šalìs
  - Latvian: salis

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑el-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 552
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱel-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱol-tó-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hulþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254: “*ḱl-tó-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱol-i-”

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[Kroonen_2013-1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[De_Vaan_2008-2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[3] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “k̑el-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 552

[Kroonen-4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱel-”

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱol-tó-”

[6] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hulþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254: “*ḱl-tó-”

[7] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*ḱol-i-”