< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *ikʷ-n-és ~ *yokʷ-én(-i)[1]
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ ikʷ-én-s[2]
  • *Hyḗkʷ-r̥ ~ *Hyékʷ-n̥-s[3]
  • *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *yokʷ-én-s[4]

Etymology

From *Hyekʷ- (“liver”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

Noun

*yókʷr̥ n

  1. liver

Inflection
Athematic, acrostatic
singular collective
nominative *yókʷr̥ *yékʷōr
genitive *yékʷn̥s *ikʷnés
singular dual plural collective
nominative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
vocative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
accusative *yókʷr̥ — — *yékʷōr
genitive *yékʷn̥s — — *ikʷnés
ablative *yékʷn̥s — — *ikʷnés
dative *yékʷney — — *ikʷnéy
locative *yékʷn̥, *yékʷni — — *ikʷén, *ikʷéni
instrumental *yékʷn̥h₁ — — *ikʷnéh₁

Descendants
  • Anatolian:
    • Luwian: ikkwar[5]
  • Tocharian:[6]
    • Tocharian A: ykär
    • Tocharian B: yakär
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (with unexplained initial l-)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknāˀ
    • Latgalian: oknys
    • Latvian: aknas
    • Lithuanian: jẽknos
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ikrā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *yékʷər (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyákr̥ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *jekʷor (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut (1965), “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92
  2. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  3. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014), “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163
  5. Sasseville, David (2020) Anatolian verbal stem formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 563
  6. Itkin, Ilya B. (2022), “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, issue 3, pages 177–180
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