< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰel-

  1. to sound; to speak, roar, bark

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (sound)
  • *bʰleh₁-
  • *bʰel(h₁)-nos (n-participle)
    • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”)[1] (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰol-so-s (s-stem)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas
      • Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)
      • Latvian: balss (“voice”)
      • Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)
  • *bʰl̥- (zero-grade)[2]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei
      • Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)
      • Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)
  • *bʰl̥d- (zero-grade, extended with -d-)[3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei
      • Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)
      • Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)
      • Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)
      • Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)
    • Proto-Germanic:
  • Unsorted formations
    • (perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)[5]

Root

*bʰel-

  1. shiny, white

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (shiny)
  • *bʰólH-teh₂
  • *bʰel-g-
    • *bʰl̥-g-eh₁-ye-ti
      • Proto-Italic: *folgēō
        • Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárgas
  • *bʰle-g-
    • *bʰlé-g-e-ti
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegō
    • *bʰlé-g-mn̥
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegmə
  • *bʰl-eh₂-g-
    • *bʰl̥-h₂-g-ro-
      • Proto-Italic: *flāgros
    • *bʰl̥-h₂-g-meh₂
      • Proto-Italic: *flāgmā
  • *bʰleyǵ-
  • *bʰel-h₁-
    • *bʰl̥h₁wós
      • Albanian:
        • Proto-Albanian: *blāukā[6]
          • Albanian: blokër (“rubbish, trash”)
    • *bʰolH-o-
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)
        • Latvian: bāls (“pale”)
        • Lithuanian: bãlas (“white”)
    • *bʰl̥H-o-
      • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰalós
    • *bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl̥-ós
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”)[7] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)[8]
  • Unsorted formations
    • Albanian: bal, balo
    • Latgalian: blõvs (“dim”)
    • Latvian: blāvs (“dim”)
    • Lithuanian: blãvas
    • Indo-Iranian:
      • Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: भाल (bhāla, “splendour”)
    • Old Armenian: բալ (bal, “fog”)

Root

*bʰel-

  1. to blow, to swell up

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow)
  • *bʰel-ǵʰ-
  • *bʰl-eh₁-
  • *bʰl-ew-
  • *bʰl-eh₂-yé-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *flāō
  • *bʰél-mn̥
  • *bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”, n-stem noun) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés[9])
    • Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)[10]
      • Old Norse:
        • Icelandic: bjalla (“hill”)
        • ⇒ Swedish: fot-bjälle, fota-bjälle (“ankle, heel”)
    • ⇒ *bʰól-ō (o-grade)[11]
      • Proto-Germanic: *ballô, *balluz (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)[12]
      • Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós
        • Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós
          • Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)
            • ⇒ φάλης (phálēs)
    • ⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is
      • Proto-Italic: *folnis
        • Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰol-tos (t-participle)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”)[13] (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • German: Bille (“penis”) (dialectal)

Root

*bʰel-

  1. henbane

Reconstruction notes

Pokorny lists *bhel- "henbane" separately but allows the possibility that it is the same as *bhel- "shiny, white."[14] Neither Derksen, nor Kroonen gloss their PIE reconstructions for henbane.

Derived terms
Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (henbane) not found
  • *bʰel-(e)no- (n-participle)
  • Unsorted formations
    • Old High German: bilsa
      • Middle High German: bilse
        • German: Bilsenkraut

References
  1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
  2. Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “bilst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
  3. Derksen, Rick (2015), “bildėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90
  4. Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “болтать”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
  5. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “päl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 402-403
  6. Orel, Vladimir (1998), “blokër”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
  7. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
  8. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bēla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57
  9. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. bhel-, bhlē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 120–122
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
  11. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50: “nom. *balō, gen. *ballaz < *bʰol-ōn, *bʰl-n-ós”
  12. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bul(l)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 83–84
  13. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*balþ/da-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
  14. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 120
  15. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bel(e)nъ, *belena, *bolnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
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