< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*peh₂-[1][2][3]

  1. to protect, to ward
  2. to shepherd

Usage notes

Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂-
  • *peh₂(y)-
    • Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
  • *péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páHti
      • Proto-Iranian: *páHti
        • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬝‎ (pāt̰)
  • *péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)[4][5]
  • *ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
    • Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
      • Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
      • Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
      • Tocharian: paskenträ
  • *poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
    • Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
  • *ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
    • Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *poh₂-mn̥
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
  • *poh₂-i-mn̥
  • *poh₂-yus
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paHyúš
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *paHyúṣ
      • Proto-Iranian: *paHyúš
        • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎‎ (pāiiu)
  • *ph₂tḗr (“father”)
  • *peh₂-tew-
    • Iranian: *pātew-
      • Persian پاده‎ (pâda, “flock”)
      • Zazaki: pawetene (“to protect”), with metathesis
    • Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
      • Persian: آباد‎ (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
      • Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
      • Kurdish:
        • Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
        • Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
    • Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
    • Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
      • Old Armenian: հաւտ (hawt, “flock”)
      • Old Armenian: *հաւտաղ (*hawtał, “shepherd”)
  • *peh₂-lo-
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • *peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páHtras
      • Proto-Iranian: *páHθrah
        • Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬚𐬭𐬀‎ (pāθra)
        • Middle Persian: pʾs (pās, “guard, watch”)
        • Manichaean Middle Persian: pʾhr (pāhr, “watch-post”)
          • Persian: پهر‎ (pahr)
        • → Old Armenian: պարհ (parh), պահ (pah)
        • → Middle Armenian: պահրան (pahran) (possibly)
  • *peh₂-dʰlom
  • *peh₂-dʰrom
    • Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *Péh₂-usōn[6]
    • Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
        • Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Armenian:
    • Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
      • Proto-Iranian: *paH-
        • Kurdish:
          • Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
        • Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /pā-/)
          • Middle Persian: [script needed] (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /pādan/)
    • Italic:

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
  3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
  4. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “paḫš-a(ri), paḫš-i”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 707-709
  5. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
  6. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006, →ISBN, page 434
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