Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skwoy-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ksew- (“to scrape, shave, sharpen”), from *kes- (“to scrape, comb”).

Root

*skwoy-

thorn, needle, prickle
thorny, prickly plant

Derived terms

*skwoy-eh₂ (“needle, prickle; thorn”, o-grade)
- Dacian: *skuia (“spruce, fir-tree”)
  - → Ancient Greek: Σκουάνες (Skouánes) (toponym)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skwajāˀ, *skujāˀ f (“needles or branches of a coniferous tree”)
  - Latvian: skuja f (“needle of a fir-tree”)
  - Lithuanian: skujà f (“needle of a coniferous tree; twig of a pine cone, fish-scale”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *xvoja f, *xvojь m[1][2][3] (see there for further descendants)
*skowy-o-s (o-grade; metathesis)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skaujas m (“twig, cane, arbor”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *xȗjь m (“penis”)[4][5][6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian: *skuja
  - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *sku-na
    - Albanian: hu m (“stake, pole; penis”)[7]
      - Gheg Albanian: hû, hûni
      - Tosk Albanian: huri
    - ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *skun-tā
      - Albanian: hundë f (“nose”)[8]
*skwi(y)-h₂et-s (zero-grade)
- Proto-Celtic: *skʷiyat-s (“hawthorn”)[9]
  - Proto-Brythonic: *spijat-[10]
    - Early Brythonic: spïδad m (“thorn bushes”)[11]
      - Middle Breton: spezadenn
        Breton: spezad (“gooseberry”)
      - Cornish: spethas f (“briars”)
      - Old Welsh: ispidatenn, ysbyddaden
        Middle Welsh: yspidat
        Welsh: ysbyddad (“hawthorn”)
  - Old Irish: scé (“hawthorn”), sciad pl
    - Middle Irish: scé (“thorn bush, whitethorn”), sciach pl
      - Irish: sceach
      - Manx: sceach
      - Scottish Gaelic: sceathan (“thorn bush”)
        → English: Skeen (surname)
  - Pictish: *ᚄᚚᚔᚌᚐᚇ (*spijad, “thorn”)[12]

References

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvoja / *xvojь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 125
Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “хвоя”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 337
Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хвоя”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 170
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xujь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 114
Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хуй”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 221
Rudnyc'kyj, Ja. (1972–1982), “хуй”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, volume 2 (Д – Ь), issue 12–22, Ottawa: Ukr. Mohylo-Mazepian Acad. of Sci. & Ukr. Lang. Assoc., →LCCN, page 1091
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hu ~ hû”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 150
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hundë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 152
Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skʷiyat-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 339
Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J. (2020) Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: A Reassessment‎ (in English), Extensively revised from 2013 version edition, page 195
James, Alan (2014) The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence‎ (in English), volume 2: Dictionary, page 260 of 320
Rhys, Guto (2015) Approaching the Pictish Language: Historiography, Early Evidence and the Question of Pritenic‎ (in English), Glasgow: University of Glasgow, page 258-260 of 391

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[1] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xvoja / *xvojь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 125

[2] Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993), “хвоя”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 337

[3] Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хвоя”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 170

[4] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xujь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 114

[5] Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2012), “хуй”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 6 (У – Я), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 221

[6] Rudnyc'kyj, Ja. (1972–1982), “хуй”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, volume 2 (Д – Ь), issue 12–22, Ottawa: Ukr. Mohylo-Mazepian Acad. of Sci. & Ukr. Lang. Assoc., →LCCN, page 1091

[7] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hu ~ hû”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

[8] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “hundë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 152

[9] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*skʷiyat-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 339

[10] Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith J. (2020) Britannia in the Ravenna Cosmography: A Reassessment‎ (in English), Extensively revised from 2013 version edition, page 195

[11] James, Alan (2014) The Brittonic Language in the Old North: A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence‎ (in English), volume 2: Dictionary, page 260 of 320

[12] Rhys, Guto (2015) Approaching the Pictish Language: Historiography, Early Evidence and the Question of Pritenic‎ (in English), Glasgow: University of Glasgow, page 258-260 of 391