Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/ǰámaHnaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative reconstructions

*ǰámaHnam n[1]

Etymology

Nominalization of *ǰámaHnah (“arriving quickly, timely, prompt”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰámaHnas, from *ǰámati (“to come, arrive”) +‎ *-aHnas (middle past participle suffix)[2]. Compare cognates Middle Persian [script needed] (hngʾm /hangām/, “time, occasion”), [script needed] (hngʾmyk' /hangāmīg/, “timely”), Sogdian [Syriac needed] (nɣʾm, “time, moment, hour”), Northern Kurdish gav (“time, moment”).

Noun

*ǰámaHnaH f[1][3][4][5]

time, occasion
hour

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǰámaHnaH	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
vocative	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
accusative	*ǰámaHnām	*ǰámaHnay	*ǰámaHnāh
instrumental	*ǰámaHnayaH	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbiš
ablative	*ǰámaHnayaHh	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbyah
dative	*ǰámaHnayaHy	*ǰámaHnaHbyā	*ǰámaHnaHbyah
genitive	*ǰámaHnayaHh	*ǰámaHnāyāh	*ǰámaHnaHnām
locative	*ǰámaHnayaH	*ǰámaHnāyaw	*ǰámaHnaHsu

Descendants

Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *ǰā́mānā
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *jā́mānā
    - Khotanese: [script needed] (jāmana)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ζαμανο (zamano)
  - Khwarezmian: 𐾸𐾽𐾰𐾾‎ (zmʾn), 𐾸𐾽𐾰𐾾𐾺𐾻‎ (zmʾnyk)
  - Sogdian: (/žamnu/)
    Manichaean: 𐫋𐫖𐫗𐫇‎ (jmnw)
    
    Sogdian: 𐼵𐼺𐼻𐼴‎ (zmnw)
    
    Old Sogdian: 𐼈𐼍𐼎𐼇‎ (zmnw)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *ǰǽmǣnæ
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ǰ́ǽmǣn
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *ǰ́œ́mœ̄n
      - Shughni:[5]
        Bartangi, Roshani: ɣ̌amōnd
        
        Oroshori: ɣ̌amund
        
        Roshani: ɣ̌ümōn
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: (/žamān/)
  Manichaean: 𐫋𐫖𐫀𐫗‎ (jmʾn), 𐫋𐫖𐫀𐫀𐫗‎ (jmʾʾn)
  - → Old Armenian: ժամանակ (žamanak)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Bashkardi:
  Minabi: زمان‎ (zamân)
- Old Persian: *jamānā
  - Middle Persian: (/zamān/)
    Manichaean: 𐫉𐫗𐫀𐫗‎ (zmʾn)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ẕmʾn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (zmn'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ODNA)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭥𐭣𐭭𐭠‎ (ODNA)
    - Persian: زمان‎ (zamân)
      - → Armenian: ժամանակ (žamanak)
      - → Azerbaijani: zaman
      - → Bashkir: заман (zaman)
      - → Gilaki: [script needed] (zəmån)
      - → Kazakh: заман (zaman)
      - → Kermanic:
        Qohrudi: zamān
      - → Central Kurdish: زه‌مان‎ (zeman)
      - → Kyrgyz: заман (zaman)
      - → Malay: زمان‎ / zaman
        Indonesian: zaman, jaman
      - → Ossetian: за́ман (záman)
      - → Pashto: زمانه‎ (zamâna)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: زمان‎ (zaman)
        → Turkish: zaman
        → Greek: ζαμάνι (zamáni)
        → Albanian: zaman
        → Serbo-Croatian: заман
      - → Tatar: заман (zaman)
  - → Akkadian: 𒋛𒈠𒉡 (si-ma-nu /simānu/)[6]
  - → Imperial Aramaic: 𐡆𐡌𐡍𐡀‎ (zmnʾ)[7][8][9][10] (see there for further descendants)

References

Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*ǰamāna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 128
de Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P.; Lubotsky, A.; Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 142
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 191
Gharib, B. (1995), “zmn-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 461: “<*žaman(a); <*žamanu”
Morgenstierne, Georg (1974), “ɣ̌amōnd”, in Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 6), Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 38: “*ǰamāma-”
contra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.
Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152
Růžička, Rudolf (1909), “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), volume VI, issue 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93
Hinz, Walther (1975), “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142
Panaino, Antonio (2017), “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎, volume 21, issue 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195

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[ESIJa-1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*ǰamāna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 128

[2] Vaan, Michiel (2003), Beekes, R.S.P.; Lubotsky, A.; Weitenberg, J.J.S., editors, The Avestan Vowels (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 12), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 142

[3] Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2000) Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I. Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II; VI), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 191

[4] Gharib, B. (1995), “zmn-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 461: “<*žaman(a); <*žamanu”

[EVSh-5] Morgenstierne, Georg (1974), “ɣ̌amōnd”, in Etymological Vocabulary of the Shughni Group (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 6), Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 38: “*ǰamāma-”

[6] tra Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19)‎, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, pages 91–92, the chronology still allows this, and an isolated Old Babylonian discovery for otherwise late occurrence shapes an exception that proves the rule.

[7] Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 152

[8] Růžička, Rudolf (1909), “Konsonantische Dissimilation in den semitischen Sprachen”, in Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft‎ (in German), volume VI, issue 4, Leipzig · Baltimore: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung · The Johns Hopkins Press, pages 92–93

[Hinz-9] Hinz, Walther (1975), “*jamāna-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 142

[10] Panaino, Antonio (2017), “The Origins of Middle Persian Zamān and Related Words: A Controversial Etymological History”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎, volume 21, issue 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 150–195