Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hampr̥sā

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Possibly related to Proto-Northeast Caucasian *ɢHabrišwV (“gooseberry”). And cognate to Aramaic אַרְזָא‎ / ܐܪܙܐ‎ (ʾarzā, “cedar”), Ugaritic 𐎀𐎗𐎇 (ảrz, “cedar”) – compare Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros, “cedar; juniper”) –, necessarily a local substrate as absent in the other Semitic languages but as a borrowing from Aramaic.

Perhaps ultimately related via ideas of tree-resin and balsam to a Caucasian term for “black”, Proto-Nakh *ʡārč̣in (particularly similar to the Proto-Turkic reconstruction *arčïn (“juniper”)) and Old Armenian արջն (arǰn) – even if the colour name may be from a tree name.

Noun

*hampr̥sā f

juniper, or specifically savin

Descendants

Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: [script needed] (apurs, apūrs)
- Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: ھەڤرِس‎ / hevris m or f, ھەڤریس‎ (hevrîs) / hevrîs, ھێڤرِست‎ (hêvrist) / hêvrist, ئێرڤِست‎ / êrvist, ئەڤرِست‎ / evrist, ئێڤِست‎ (êvist) / êvist

Central Kurdish: ھەورِس‎ (hewris)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian:
    - Mazanderani: ارس‎ (ors)
  - Old Median: *hapr̥sa
    - → Akkadian: 𒀊𒊒𒊭 (ap-ru-ša)
    - → Elamite: 𒄩𒂟𒊓 (ha-pír-sa)
  - Parthian: [script needed] (ʾbwrs /aburs/)
    - ⇒ Parthian: [script needed] (ʾbwrsʾm /abursām/), [script needed] (ʾbwrsm /abursam/)
- → Old Persian: *Hapr̥θā
  - Manichaean Middle Persian: [script needed] (ʾbwrs /aburs/)
    - Persian: ورس‎ (vors), برس‎ (burs), ارس‎ (urs), ارس‎ (aris), آرس‎ (āris), اورس‎ (avirs)
    - ⇒ Middle Persian: *abursām
      - → Aramaic: *ʾabursān
        Classical Syriac: ܐܒܝܪܣܢ‎ (ʾbyrsn /ʾabirsān/)
        
        → Middle Persian: *abursān, *abirsān, *abarsān
        Persian: برسان‎ (bersân, barsân)
- → Akkadian: 𒇷 (burāšu)
- → Aramaic: ‌
  - →? Ancient Greek: βράθυ (bráthu), βορατίνη (boratínē), βόρατον (bóraton)
    - → Ge'ez: ቡራት (burat), ቡራቴን (buraten), ቡራቴ (burate)
    - → Latin: bratus
  - → Hebrew: בְּרֹות‎ (bərōṯ)
  - Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בְּרֹותֵא‎ (bərōṯā), בְּרָתָא‎ (bərāṯā), אברותא‎‎, אבראתא‎
  - Classical Syriac: ܒܪܘܬܐ‎ (bərōṯā)
- → Hebrew: בְּרוֹשׁ‎ (bərṓš)
- → Proto-Mongolic: *arca
  - Middle Mongol: ᠠᠷᠴᠢ (arči), ᠠᠷᠵᠠ (arǰa)
    - Classical Mongolian: ᠠᠷᠴᠠ (arča), ᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ (arčag)
      - Khalkha Mongolian: арц (arc), арцаг (arcag)
  - Buryat: арса (arsa)
  - Kalmyk: арц (arts), арца (artsa)
  - East Yugur: hrca
  - → Proto-Turkic: *artuč (see there for further descendants)
    - Karakhanid: اَرْتُجْ‎ (artuç)
    - Old Anatolian Turkish:
      - Azerbaijani: ardıc
      - Ottoman Turkish: آردج‎ (ardıç), آردیج‎ (ardıc), آردیچ‎ (ardıç)
        Turkish: ardıç
        → Armenian: արտըճ (artəč)
        → Bulgarian: ардич (ardič), ардъч (ardǎč), аръдъч (arǎdǎč)
        → Middle Armenian: արտուճ (artuč)
  - → Proto-Turkic: *arča (see there for further descendants)
    - Tatar: арча (arça)
  - → Proto-Turkic: *arčïn (see there for further descendants)
- →? Classical Syriac: ܐܒܪܝܫܐ‎ (ʾaḇrēšā, “heather”)
- → Hebrew: בָּשָׂם‎ (bāśām)
  - → Arabic: بَشَام‎ (bašām)
  - → Ancient Greek: βάλσαμον (bálsamon), βάρσαμον (bársamon), βλάσαμον (blásamon), πάλσαμον (pálsamon)
    - → Arabic: بَيْلَسان‎ (baylasān), بَلَسَان‎ (balasān), بَلْسَم‎ (balsam), بِلْسَام‎ (bilsām); بَشَام‎ (bašām)
      - → Amharic: በለሳን (bäläsan)
      - → Old Armenian: բալասան (balasan)
      - → Middle Armenian: պալասան (palasan)
      - → Ge'ez: በለሳን (bäläsan), በልሳን (bälsan), በለሶን (bäläson)
      - → Somali: bilsin
      - → Tigrinya: በለሳን (bäläsan)
    - → Aramaic:
      Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: בלזמה‎, בלסנה‎
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: בלסמון‎
      Classical Syriac: ܒܠܣܡܘܢ‎, ܒܠܣܝܡܘܢ‎, ܒܐܠܣܡܘܢ‎
    - → Latin: balsamum (see there for further descendants)
    - → Old Armenian: բաղսամոն (bałsamon)
    - → Old Georgian: ბარსაბონი (barsaboni)
- → Aramaic:
  - Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אֲפַרְסְמָא‎ (ʾappūrsəmā)
  - Classical Mandaic: [script needed] (pursma), [script needed] (prusma), [script needed] (pursama)
  - Classical Syriac: ܐܦܘܪܣܡܐ‎ (ʾappūrsəmā), ܦܘܪܣܡܐ‎ (pūrsəmā)
- → Old Armenian: ապրսամ (aprsam)
- → Chinese: [script needed] (abosan)
Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬯𐬍‎ f (hapər^əsī)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian:
  - Middle Persian: *abuhl
    - Persian: وهل‎ (vohl), ابل‎ (abul), بل‎ (bul)
    - → Arabic: أَبْهُل‎ (ʔabhul)
      - → Middle Armenian: ուպհուլ (uphul)
      - → Persian: ابهل‎ (abhol, obhol) (or only partially)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: ابهل‎ (ebhel, ebhül, ubhul)
        Turkish: habhel (dialectal, dated)
    - → Classical Syriac: ܐܒܗܠܐ‎ (/ʾabhul؜ā/)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Pathan:
  - Pashto: اوبخته‎ (ōbax̌ta, obəx̌ta)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Yidgha: [script needed] (yovurso)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
    - Shughni: [script needed] (ambux̌c)
      - Oroshori: [script needed] (əmbāws)
      - Khufi: [script needed] (ambāws)
    - Sarikoli: [script needed] (ůmbarc, ůmbars)
    - Yazghulami: [script needed] (ǝmbis)

References

Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008), “ܐܰܒܪܺܝܫܳܐ”, in Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag
Ciancaglini, Claudia A. (2008), “ܐܰܦܽܘܪܣܡܳܐ”, in Iranian loanwords in Syriac (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 28), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag
Janda, Michael (2004) Die Sprache Der Meder (dissertation)‎ (in German), University of Zurich, page 88
Henning, Walter Bruno (1940), “Sogdica”, in Selected Papers (Acta Iranica; 15), volume 2, Teheran-Liège / Leiden: Bibliothèque Pahlavi / E. J. Brill, published 1977, →ISBN, page 41
Hinz, Walther (1975), “*haprθa-”, in Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 117
Lagarde, Paul de (1866) Gesammelte Abhandlungen (in German), Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus, page 6 Nr. 3
Maggi, Mauro (2003), “New Persian Glosses in East Syriac Texts of the Eighth to Tenth Centuries”, in Paul, Ludwig, editor, Persian Origins. Early Judaeo-Persian and the Emergence of New Persian. Collected Papers of the Symposium, Göttingen 1999, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 121
Morgenstierne, Georg (1932), “The Development of Iranian r + consonant in the Shughni group”, in W.B. Henning Memorial Volume, London: Lund Humphries, published 1970, page 336
Schwartz, Martin (1990), “Viiāmburas and Kafirs”, in Bulletin of the Asia Institute, volume 4, pages 251b–252a
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974), “ардыч”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, pages 173–174
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974), “арча”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, pages 182–182
Sevortjan, E. V. (1974), “арчын”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, pages 183
Сундуева, Е.В. (2011) Звуки и образы: фоносемантическое исследование лексем с корневыми согласными [r/m] в монгольских языках: функции, семантика и поэтика (in Russian), Улан-Удэ: Издательство бурятского научного центра СО РАН, →ISBN, page 111
Tavernier, Jan (2007), “*Hapṛθa- (OP)”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 555

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