< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/káwfš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kewHp- (“heap; to heap”). Cognate with Old High German hubil, Old Saxon huvil (“hill”), Lithuanian kaũpas (“heap”), kaupiù (“to heap”).[1]

Noun

*káwfš ~ kupás[2]

  1. hill, mountain
    Synonym: *gr̥Híš
  2. hump (of a camel)

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
  • *káwfaHnah
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (kufon)
    • Parachi: [script needed] (kō̈pân)
    • Classical Persian: کوهان‎ (kōhān)
      Iranian Persian: کوهان‎ (kuhân)
      Tajik: кӯҳон (kühon)
    • Semnani: [script needed] (kopān)
    • Shughni:
      Bajui: kūfůn
      Roshani: kūpōn

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *kupi
      • Ossetian:
        Iron: къупп (k’upp)
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *kupi
        • Khotanese: [script needed] (kuvaa)
        • Wakhi: kəp
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
      • Khwarezmian: [script needed] (kwf)
      • Sogdian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫁‎ (kwb)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Ormuri: [script needed] (kūp)
    • Pashto: کوب‎ (kub, kwab)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (kīf)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
      • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
        • Munji: [script needed] (kīfa)
        • Yidgha: [script needed] (ḱifa)
      • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
        • Shughni: kū
        • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
          • Sarikoli: kiep
          • Shughni:
            Bartangi, Oroshori: kūp
          • Vanji: kub, kup
        • Yazghulami: kəp
        • Yazghulami: kəpič, qəpič
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: [script needed] (kōpak)
    • Northern Kurdish: kêf
    • Parthian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫜‎ (kwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫜‎ (qwf), 𐫞𐫇𐫛‎ (qwp)
    • Semnani: [script needed] (kub, kwab, kub)
    • Talysh: ку, куроғ
    • Zazaki: کو (ko)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Kumzari: کو (kō)
    • Lari: کو‎ (kü,kōw,kēb,kōh)
    • Old Persian: 𐎣𐎢𐎳 (k-u-f /kaufaʰ/)
      • Middle Persian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫐𐫇𐫛‎ (kwp), 𐫞𐫇𐫛‎ (qwp), 𐫐𐫇𐫜‎ (kwf)
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwp)
    • → Old Armenian: կոհակ (kohak)

References
  1. Bailey, H. W. (1979), “kuvaa-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 63
  2. Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “kəp”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 217-218
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204: “Ir. *kau̯fa-”
  4. Morgenstierne, Georg (2003), “kwab”, in Elfenbein, J.; MacKenzie, D. N.; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, editors, A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto (Beitrage Zur Iranistik; 23), Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert, →ISBN
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