Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/təwo

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology

Possibly cognate with Goguryeo 德 (tok).

According to Ono (1970), related to *tawa or *təwə (“bend”) from the common hand-counting method of showing the number 10 by bending all fingers over the bent thumb, although this is rejected by Miller (1971), who instead proposed a relationship with Proto-Tungusic *ǯuban (“ten”).

However, the Altaic hypothesis is nowadays rejected, so the Tungusic comparison remains unlikely.

Numeral

**Proto-Japonic cardinal numbers**
< 9	10	11 >
Cardinal : *təwo

*təwo

ten

Descendants

Old Japanese: 十 (to₂wo)
- Japanese: 十 (tō)
Proto-Ryukyuan: *towo
- Northern Ryukyuan:
  - Kikai: 十 (とﾟぅー, θū)
  - Kunigami: 十 (とぅー, thū)
  - Northern Amami-Oshima: 十 (とﾟぅー, θū)
  - Okinawan: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Oki-No-Erabu: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Southern Amami-Oshima: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Toku-No-Shima: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Yoron: 十 (とぅー, tū)
- Southern Ryukyuan:
  - Miyako: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Yaeyama: 十 (とぅー, tū)
  - Yonaguni: 十 (とぅー, tū)

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