< Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/lišān-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *lis- (“tongue”). Cognate with Proto-Berber *iləs, Egyptian ns, and Proto-Chadic (whence Hausa harshe).

Noun

*liš(š)ān- m or f

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *lišān-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*lišānum

*lišānāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*lišānim

*lišānayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*lišānam

possessive forms

1st person

*lišānī / *lišānVya

—

*lišānVni

2nd person m

*lišānVka

*lišānVkumā / *lišānVkumay

*lišānVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*lišānVki

*lišānVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*lišānVšu

*lišānVšumā / *lišānVšumay

*lišānVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*lišānVša

*lišānVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *lišānuya for nom. case, *lišāniya for gen. case, *lišānaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *lišān-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*lišānuka	*lišānāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*lišānika	*lišānayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*lišānaka	*lišānayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *lišān-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*lišānuki	*lišānāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*lišāniki	*lišānayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*lišānaki	*lišānayki	plural stem + *-īki

Femenine:

Declension of *lišān-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*lišānum

*lišānāna

*lišānātum

Genitive

*lišānim

*lišānayna

*lišānātim

Accusative

*lišānam

possessive forms

1st person

*lišānī / *lišānVya

—

*lišānVni

2nd person m

*lišānVka

*lišānVkumā / *lišānVkumay

*lišānVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*lišānVki

*lišānVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*lišānVšu

*lišānVšumā / *lišānVšumay

*lišānVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*lišānVša

*lišānVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *lišānuya for nom. case, *lišāniya for gen. case, *lišānaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *lišān-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*lišānuka	*lišānāka	*lišānātuka
Genitive	*lišānika	*lišānayka	*lišānātika
Accusative	*lišānaka	*lišānayka	*lišānātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *lišān-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*lišānuki	*lišānāki	*lišānātuki
Genitive	*lišāniki	*lišānayki	*lišānātiki
Accusative	*lišānaki	*lišānayki	*lišānātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅴 (lišānum)
- Eblaite: 𒇷𒊓𒉡 (lišānum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: لِسَان‎ (lisān)
    - Iraqi Arabic: لسان‎ (lsān)
    - Gulf Arabic: لسان‎ (lsān)
    - Maltese: lsien
    - Moroccan Arabic: لسان‎ (lsān)
    - → Azerbaijani: lisan
    - → Malay: lisan
      - Indonesian: lisan
    - → Ottoman Turkish: لسان‎ (lisân)
      - Turkish: lisan
    - → Hindustani:
      Hindi: लिसान (lisān)
      Urdu: لسان‎ (lisân)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: לִשָּׁנָא‎ (liššānā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܠܶܫܴ݁ܢܳܐ‎ (leššānā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: לָשׁוֹן‎ (lashón, lāšôn)
      - → Ladino: לשון‎ (lashón)
      - → Yiddish: לשון‎ (loshn)
      - Phoenician: 𐤋𐤔𐤍‎ (lšn)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎍𐎌𐎐 (lšn /lašānu/)
    - Old South Arabian:
      - Sabaean: 𐩡𐩪𐩬‎ (ls¹n)
- Ethiopian Semitic:
  - Amharic: ልሳን (lǝs(s)an)
  - Ge'ez: ልሳን (ləsan)
  - Tigre: ልሳን (lǝs(s)an, nǝssal)
  - Tigrinya: ልሳን (lǝs(s)an)

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