< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žila
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gī́ˀšlāˀ, cognate with Lithuanian gýsla (“vein”), Latvian dzîsla (“vein”) and the second part of Old Prussian pette-gislo (“back vein”). An earlier reflex *žixla may have been the origin of derivatives such as dial. Russian жихля́ть (žixljátʹ, “to sway, to lurch”) (parallel to Lithuanian gýslioti (“to tow, to flex, to contract”)).
There are two theories for Indo-European origin:
- from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰíH(s)leh₂[1][2], with cognates Old Armenian ջիլ (ǰil, “sinew”), Latin filum (“thread”).
- from *gʷiH-[1], akin to Sanskrit जिया (jiyā́), ज्या (jyā́, “bow-string”), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”).
Derksen and Snoj favour the former option, due to the presence of medial *-l-.
Inflection
Declension of *žìla (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *žìla | *žìlě | *žìly |
| Accusative | *žìlǫ | *žìlě | *žìly |
| Genitive | *žìly | *žìlu | *žìlъ |
| Locative | *žìlě | *žìlu | *žìlasъ, *žìlaxъ* |
| Dative | *žìlě | *žìlama | *žìlamъ |
| Instrumental | *žìlojǫ, *žìlǭ** | *žìlama | *žìlamī |
| Vocative | *žìlo | *žìlě | *žìly |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *žilěti, *žiloviti (“to be sinewy, tensile”)
- *žilъka, *žilica (“veinlet”) (diminutive)
- *žilьje, *ožilьje (“tendon band”)
- *žilovъ, *žilavъ (“pliable, flexile”)
- *žilavostь (“pliability, flexability”)
- *žilavika, *žilavъka (“flexile grass, thistle, or shrub”)
- *žilovьcь, *žilovikъ (“plant with veiny leaves”)
- *žilavica (“tensile, flexible stick”)
- *žilěstъ (“sinewy, stringy”)
Related terms
- *žikati (“to prod, to lash”), *žixati (“to rock, to shake”)
- *žica (“thread, wire”)
- *žima, *žiňa (“strand of hair”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “жила”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “жила”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 545
- “gysla”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*žìla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562: “f. ā (a) ‘vein, sinew, tendon’”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “žíla”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ži̋la”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “žila žily”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (NA 138; SA 22, 155; PR 132; RPT 110)”
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