< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/krěpъkъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Extended from *krěpъ + *-ъkъ. According to Derksen[1], possibly akin to Icelandic hræfa (“to endure, to tolerate”), from Proto-Indo-European *kreh₁p-. Kroonen[2] considers a possible (but not certain) borrowing from Germanic.
See also Proto-Slavic *krěti, *krějati/*krьjati (“to recover, to gather strength”) (whence Bulgarian крея (kreja), Czech křáti).
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *krěpъkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krěpъkъ | *krěpъka | *krěpъko |
| Accusative | *krěpъkъ | *krěpъkǫ | *krěpъko |
| Genitive | *krěpъka | *krěpъky | *krěpъka |
| Locative | *krěpъkě | *krěpъkě | *krěpъkě |
| Dative | *krěpъku | *krěpъkě | *krěpъku |
| Instrumental | *krěpъkomь | *krěpъkojǫ | *krěpъkomь |
| Vocative | *krěpъke | *krěpъko | *krěpъko |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krěpъka | *krěpъkě | *krěpъkě |
| Accusative | *krěpъka | *krěpъkě | *krěpъkě |
| Genitive | *krěpъku | *krěpъku | *krěpъku |
| Locative | *krěpъku | *krěpъku | *krěpъku |
| Dative | *krěpъkoma | *krěpъkama | *krěpъkoma |
| Instrumental | *krěpъkoma | *krěpъkama | *krěpъkoma |
| Vocative | *krěpъka | *krěpъkě | *krěpъkě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krěpъki | *krěpъky | *krěpъka |
| Accusative | *krěpъky | *krěpъky | *krěpъka |
| Genitive | *krěpъkъ | *krěpъkъ | *krěpъkъ |
| Locative | *krěpъkěxъ | *krěpъkaxъ | *krěpъkěxъ |
| Dative | *krěpъkomъ | *krěpъkamъ | *krěpъkomъ |
| Instrumental | *krěpъky | *krěpъkami | *krěpъky |
| Vocative | *krěpъki | *krěpъky | *krěpъka |
Definite declension of *krěpъkъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krěpъkъjь | *krěpъkaja | *krěpъkoje |
| Accusative | *krěpъkъjь | *krěpъkǫjǫ | *krěpъkoje |
| Genitive | *krěpъkajego | *krěpъkyję | *krěpъkajego |
| Locative | *krěpъkějemь | *krěpъkěji | *krěpъkějemь |
| Dative | *krěpъkujemu | *krěpъkěji | *krěpъkujemu |
| Instrumental | *krěpъkyjimi | *krěpъkǫjǫ | *krěpъkyjimi |
| Vocative | *krěpъkъjь | *krěpъkaja | *krěpъkoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krěpъkaja | *krěpъkěji | *krěpъkěji |
| Accusative | *krěpъkaja | *krěpъkěji | *krěpъkěji |
| Genitive | *krěpъkuju | *krěpъkuju | *krěpъkuju |
| Locative | *krěpъkuju | *krěpъkuju | *krěpъkuju |
| Dative | *krěpъkyjima | *krěpъkyjima | *krěpъkyjima |
| Instrumental | *krěpъkyjima | *krěpъkyjima | *krěpъkyjima |
| Vocative | *krěpъkaja | *krěpъkěji | *krěpъkěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krěpъkiji | *krěpъkyję | *krěpъkaja |
| Accusative | *krěpъkyję | *krěpъkyję | *krěpъkaja |
| Genitive | *krěpъkъjixъ | *krěpъkъjixъ | *krěpъkъjixъ |
| Locative | *krěpъkyjixъ | *krěpъkyjixъ | *krěpъkyjixъ |
| Dative | *krěpъkyjimъ | *krěpъkyjimъ | *krěpъkyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *krěpъkyjimi | *krěpъkyjimi | *krěpъkyjimi |
| Vocative | *krěpъkiji | *krěpъkyję | *krěpъkaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “кре́пкий”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*krěpъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 134
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*krěpъkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 134
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*krějati/*krьjati”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 130
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1979), “крепък”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 735
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*krěpъkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 246: “adj. o (a) ‘strong’”
- G. Kroonen (2010), “Proto-Germanic *krēpja- and Proto-Slavic *krěpъ 'strong'”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol. 38, pages 402-408
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “krépek”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *krě̑pъkъ”
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