< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/krǫtъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krantás (“sheer, precipitous”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, to crook”) + *-ǫtъ. Substantivized as Lithuanian krañtas (“bank, shore”), dial. Latvian krañts (“edge, bank”) within Baltic (cf. derivative Old East Slavic крꙋча (kruča, “steep, precipice”) < *krǫťa).
Adjective
Declension
Indefinite declension of *krǫtъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krǫtъ | *krǫta | *krǫto |
| Accusative | *krǫtъ | *krǫtǫ | *krǫto |
| Genitive | *krǫta | *krǫty | *krǫta |
| Locative | *krǫtě | *krǫtě | *krǫtě |
| Dative | *krǫtu | *krǫtě | *krǫtu |
| Instrumental | *krǫtomь | *krǫtojǫ | *krǫtomь |
| Vocative | *krǫte | *krǫto | *krǫto |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krǫta | *krǫtě | *krǫtě |
| Accusative | *krǫta | *krǫtě | *krǫtě |
| Genitive | *krǫtu | *krǫtu | *krǫtu |
| Locative | *krǫtu | *krǫtu | *krǫtu |
| Dative | *krǫtoma | *krǫtama | *krǫtoma |
| Instrumental | *krǫtoma | *krǫtama | *krǫtoma |
| Vocative | *krǫta | *krǫtě | *krǫtě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krǫti | *krǫty | *krǫta |
| Accusative | *krǫty | *krǫty | *krǫta |
| Genitive | *krǫtъ | *krǫtъ | *krǫtъ |
| Locative | *krǫtěxъ | *krǫtaxъ | *krǫtěxъ |
| Dative | *krǫtomъ | *krǫtamъ | *krǫtomъ |
| Instrumental | *krǫty | *krǫtami | *krǫty |
| Vocative | *krǫti | *krǫty | *krǫta |
Definite declension of *krǫtъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *krǫtъjь | *krǫtaja | *krǫtoje |
| Accusative | *krǫtъjь | *krǫtǫjǫ | *krǫtoje |
| Genitive | *krǫtajego | *krǫtyję | *krǫtajego |
| Locative | *krǫtějemь | *krǫtěji | *krǫtějemь |
| Dative | *krǫtujemu | *krǫtěji | *krǫtujemu |
| Instrumental | *krǫtyjimi | *krǫtǫjǫ | *krǫtyjimi |
| Vocative | *krǫtъjь | *krǫtaja | *krǫtoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krǫtaja | *krǫtěji | *krǫtěji |
| Accusative | *krǫtaja | *krǫtěji | *krǫtěji |
| Genitive | *krǫtuju | *krǫtuju | *krǫtuju |
| Locative | *krǫtuju | *krǫtuju | *krǫtuju |
| Dative | *krǫtyjima | *krǫtyjima | *krǫtyjima |
| Instrumental | *krǫtyjima | *krǫtyjima | *krǫtyjima |
| Vocative | *krǫtaja | *krǫtěji | *krǫtěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *krǫtiji | *krǫtyję | *krǫtaja |
| Accusative | *krǫtyję | *krǫtyję | *krǫtaja |
| Genitive | *krǫtъjixъ | *krǫtъjixъ | *krǫtъjixъ |
| Locative | *krǫtyjixъ | *krǫtyjixъ | *krǫtyjixъ |
| Dative | *krǫtyjimъ | *krǫtyjimъ | *krǫtyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *krǫtyjimi | *krǫtyjimi | *krǫtyjimi |
| Vocative | *krǫtiji | *krǫtyję | *krǫtaja |
Derived terms
- *krǫtiti (“to turn, to twist”), *krǫtati (“to kink, to crook; to harshen”)
- *krǫtа (resultant noun)
- *krǫticа (“kinky structure (forest, decoration, tie)”)
- *krǫtina, *krǫtizna, *krǫtostь (abstract nouns)
- *krǫťa (“cliff, steep”) (in East Slavic)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “круто́й”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*krǫtъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 33
- Martynaŭ, V. U., editor (1989), “круты́”, in Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Etymological Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), volume 5 (ка́яць – ліпя́нка), Minsk: Navuka i technika
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1986), “крут”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 29
- “krantas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*krǫ̑tъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252: “adj. o (c)”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “krǫtъ krǫta krǫto”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c stejl, voldsom (SA 109, 188; PR 138)”
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “krut”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *krǫ̑tъ”
- Bulyka, A. M., editor (1997), “крутый”, in Гістарычны слоўнік беларускай мовы [Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language] (in Belarusian), issue 16 (коржъ – лесничанка), Minsk: Belaruskaia navuka, →ISBN, page 186
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