estre
See also: -estre
English
Etymology
From Old French estre (“state, plan”).
Noun
estre (plural estres)
- (archaic or obsolete) The indoor layout or plan of a castle.
- 1954, C. S. Lewis, chapter 15, in The Horse and His Boy, page 239:
- "And tomorrow, Cor," he added, "shalt come over all the castle with me and see the estres and mark all its strength and weakness: for it will be thine to guard when I'm gone."
-
See also
References
- estre in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
Franco-Provençal
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛs.trə/
Conjugation

infinitive | estre or esser | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | estant | ||||||
auxiliary | estre or aveir | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | está | está(e) | |||||
plural | estás | está(e)s | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | je (j') | te (t') | il/el | nos | vos | ils/els | |
present | sui, soi | es, esses | est | sumos, esmos, emos | estes | sont, sunt | |
imperfect | ero | eres | ere, eret | eram, estiam | eraz, estiaz | erant, eirant, eront, erunt, estiant, estiont | |
preterite | fui | fus | fu, fut | fumos | fustes | furont, fuiront, fueront | |
future | serei | serés | sera, ert, iert | serem | sereiz | serant | |
conditional | serin, serim | seriés | serit, serie, furet | seriam | seriaz | seriant, seriont, sariont, furant | |
subjunctive | que je (j') | que te (t') | qu'il/el | que nos | que vos | qu'ils/els | |
present | seio | seies | seit | seiam | seiez, seiz | seiant, siant | |
imperfect | fusso | fusses | fust | fussaim, fussam | fusseiz, fussiz | fussant | |
inchoative imperfect | fuso | fuses | fust | fusam | fuseiz | fusant, fusiant, furant | |
imperative | — | te | — | nos | vos | — | |
seies | seiem | seiz |
Descendants
- Franco-Provençal: étre
See also
French
Alternative forms
- eſtre
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛtʁ/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | estant /e.tɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | esté /e.te/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | suis /sɥi/ |
es /ɛ/ |
est /ɛ/ |
sommes /sɔm/ |
estes /ɛt/ |
sont /sɔ̃/ |
imperfect | estois /e.tɛ/ |
estois /e.tɛ/ |
estoit /e.tɛ/ |
estions /e.tjɔ̃/ |
estiez /e.tje/ |
estoient /e.tɛ/ | |
past historic2 | fus /fy/ |
fus /fy/ |
fut /fy/ |
fumes /fym/ |
fustes /fyt/ |
furent /fyʁ/ | |
future | seroi /sə.ʁe/ |
seras /sə.ʁa/ |
sera /sə.ʁa/ |
serons /sə.ʁɔ̃/ |
serez /sə.ʁe/ |
seront /sə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | serois /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serois /sə.ʁɛ/ |
seroit /sə.ʁɛ/ |
serions /sə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
seriez /sə.ʁje/ |
seroient /sə.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | sois /swa/ |
sois /swa/ |
soit /swa/ |
soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
soient /swa/ |
imperfect2 | fusse /fys/ |
fusses /fys/ |
fust /fy/ |
fussions /fy.sjɔ̃/ |
fussiez /fy.sje/ |
fussent /fys/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | sois /swa/ |
— | soyons /swa.jɔ̃/ |
soyez /swa.je/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɛʃtrɛ]
- Hyphenation: est‧re
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French estre, conflated with Old French ester.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛːtɾə/
Conjugation
- Like Modern French être, highly irregular.
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of estre
infinitive | simple | estre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | estant | |||||
compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past participle | esté | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | suis, suys, sui | es | est | sommes | estes | sont |
imperfect | estois, estoys | estois, estoys | estoit, estoyt | estions | estiez | estoyent, estoient | |
past historic | fus | fus | fut | fumes | fustes | furent | |
future | seroi | seras | sera | serons | serez | seront | |
conditional | serois, seroys | serois, seroys | seroit, seroyt | serions | seriez | seroient, seroyent | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | sois, soys | sois, soys | soit, soyt | soyons | soyez | soyent, soient |
imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussions | fussiez | fussent | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | sois, soys | — | soyons | soyez | — | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). |
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Old French
FWOTD – 10 July 2013
Etymology
From early Medieval Latin essere, from Classical Latin esse. Not related to ester (< Latin stāre), but progressively confused with it.
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has irregularities in its conjugation. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of estre (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | estre | avoir esté | |||||
gerund | en estant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
present participle | estant | ||||||
past participle | esté | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | sui | es, ies | est | somes, esmes | estes | sont |
imperfect | iere, ere, estoie, esteie | ieres, eres, estoies, esteies | iere, iereṭ, ere, ereṭ, iert, ert, estoit, esteit | eriiens, erions, estiiens, estiens | eriiez, estiiez, estiez | ierent, erent, estoient, esteient | |
preterite | fui | fus | fu | fumes | fustes | furent | |
future | ier, er, serai, estrai | iers, ers, seras, estras | iert, ert, sera, estra | iermes, ermes, serons, estrons | iertes, ertes, seroiz, sereiz, serez, estroiz, estreiz, estrez | ierent, erent, seront, estront | |
conditional | seroie, sereie, estroie, estreie | seroies, sereies, estroies, estreies | seroit, sereit, estroit, estreit | seriiens, seriens, estriiens, estriens | seriiez, seriez, estriiez, estriez | seroient, sereient, estroient, estreient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | soie | soies | soit | soiiens, soions | soiiez | soient |
imperfect | fusse | fusses | fust | fussons, fussiens | fussoiz, fussez, fussiez | fussent | |
compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | soies | — | soiiens, soions | soiiez | — |
Quotations
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:estre.
Descendants
(In many cases, merged with the outcomes of ester.)
See also
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.