excuser
English
Noun
excuser (plural excusers)
- One who offers excuses or pleads in extenuation of the fault of another.
- 1730, Jonathan Swift, A Vindication of Lord Carteret
- In vain would his excusers endeavour to palliate his enormities, by imputing them to madness; because it is well known, that madness only operates by inflaming and enlarging the good or evil dispositions of the mind.
- 1730, Jonathan Swift, A Vindication of Lord Carteret
- One who excuses or forgives another.
- 1612–1620, [Miguel de Cervantes]; Thomas Shelton, transl., The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC:
- yet love is a sufficient excuse and excuser of greater errors than are mine
-
References
excuser in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
Anagrams
French
Etymology
From Middle French excuser, from Old French escuser, borrowed from Latin excūsāre, present active infinitive of excūsō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛk.sky.ze/
Audio (file) - (colloquial) IPA(key): /ɛs.ky.ze/
Conjugation
Conjugation of excuser (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | excuser | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | excusant /ɛk.sky.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | excusé /ɛk.sky.ze/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | excuse /ɛk.skyz/ |
excuses /ɛk.skyz/ |
excuse /ɛk.skyz/ |
excusons /ɛk.sky.zɔ̃/ |
excusez /ɛk.sky.ze/ |
excusent /ɛk.skyz/ |
| imperfect | excusais /ɛk.sky.zɛ/ |
excusais /ɛk.sky.zɛ/ |
excusait /ɛk.sky.zɛ/ |
excusions /ɛk.sky.zjɔ̃/ |
excusiez /ɛk.sky.zje/ |
excusaient /ɛk.sky.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | excusai /ɛk.sky.ze/ |
excusas /ɛk.sky.za/ |
excusa /ɛk.sky.za/ |
excusâmes /ɛk.sky.zam/ |
excusâtes /ɛk.sky.zat/ |
excusèrent /ɛk.sky.zɛʁ/ | |
| future | excuserai /ɛk.skyz.ʁe/ |
excuseras /ɛk.skyz.ʁa/ |
excusera /ɛk.skyz.ʁa/ |
excuserons /ɛk.skyz.ʁɔ̃/ |
excuserez /ɛk.skyz.ʁe/ |
excuseront /ɛk.skyz.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | excuserais /ɛk.skyz.ʁɛ/ |
excuserais /ɛk.skyz.ʁɛ/ |
excuserait /ɛk.skyz.ʁɛ/ |
excuserions /ɛk.sky.zə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
excuseriez /ɛk.sky.zə.ʁje/ |
excuseraient /ɛk.skyz.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | excuse /ɛk.skyz/ |
excuses /ɛk.skyz/ |
excuse /ɛk.skyz/ |
excusions /ɛk.sky.zjɔ̃/ |
excusiez /ɛk.sky.zje/ |
excusent /ɛk.skyz/ |
| imperfect2 | excusasse /ɛk.sky.zas/ |
excusasses /ɛk.sky.zas/ |
excusât /ɛk.sky.za/ |
excusassions /ɛk.sky.za.sjɔ̃/ |
excusassiez /ɛk.sky.za.sje/ |
excusassent /ɛk.sky.zas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | excuse /ɛk.skyz/ |
— | excusons /ɛk.sky.zɔ̃/ |
excusez /ɛk.sky.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Derived terms
Related terms
Further reading
- “excuser”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Latin
Middle French
Etymology
From Old French escuser, borrowed from Latin excūsō, excūsāre.
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of excuser
| infinitive | simple | excuser | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | excusant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | excusé | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | excuse | excuses | excuse | excusons | excusez | excusent |
| imperfect | excusois, excusoys | excusois, excusoys | excusoit, excusoyt | excusions, excusyons | excusiez, excusyez | excusoient, excusoyent | |
| past historic | excusa | excusas | excusa | excusasmes | excusastes | excuserent | |
| future | excuserai, excuseray | excuseras | excusera | excuserons | excuserez | excuseront | |
| conditional | excuserois, excuseroys | excuserois, excuseroys | excuseroit, excuseroyt | excuserions, excuseryons | excuseriez, excuseryez | excuseroient, excuseroyent | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | excuse | excuses | excuse | excusons | excusez | excusent |
| imperfect | excusasse | excusasses | excusast | excusassions | excusassiez | excusassent | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | excuse | — | excusons | excusez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
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