Azotobacter vinelandii

Azotobacter vinelandii
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pseudomonadales
Family: Pseudomonadaceae
Genus: Azotobacter
Species:
A. vinelandii
Binomial name
Azotobacter vinelandii
Lipman 1903[1]

Azotobacter vinelandii is Gram-negative diazotroph that can fix nitrogen while grown aerobically.[2][3] It is a genetically tractable system that is used to study nitrogen fixation. These bacteria are easily cultured and grown.

A. vinelandii is a free-living N2 fixer known to produce many phytohormones and vitamins in soils. It produces fluorescent pyoverdine pigments.[4]

The nitrogenase holoenzyme of A. vinelandii has been characterised by X-ray crystallography in both ADP tetrafluoroaluminate-bound[5] and MgATP-bound[6] states. The enzyme possesses molybdenum iron-sulfido cluster cofactors (FeMoco) as active sites, each bearing two pseudocubic iron-sulfido structures.

Variable ploidy

A. vinelandii can contain up to 80 chromosome copies per cell.[7] However this is only seen in fast growing culture, whereas cultures grown in synthetic minimal media are not polyploid.[8]

References

  1. ↑ William A. Noyes, ed. (1904). Review of American Chemical Research. Vol. 10. p. 75.
  2. ↑ Young, Mark. "Why it is possible to reduce Nitrogen fertilizers by using Azotobacter sp". Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  3. ↑ Requena N, Baca TM, Azcon R (1997). "Evolution of humic substances from unripe compost during incubation with lignolytic or cellulolytic microorganisms and effects on the lettuce growth promotion mediated by Azotobacter chroococcum". Biol Fertil Soils. 24: 59–65. doi:10.1007/BF01420221. S2CID 29624954.
  4. ↑ Menhart N, Thariath A, Viswanatha T (1991). "Characterization of the pyoverdines of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 with regard to heterogeneity". Biology of Metals. 4 (4): 223–32. doi:10.1007/bf01141185. PMID 1838001. S2CID 8712926.
  5. ↑ Schindelin H, Kisker C, Schlessman JL, Howard JB, Rees DC (1997). "Structure of ADP x AIF4(-)-stabilized nitrogenase complex and its implications for signal transduction". Nature. 387 (6631): 370–376. doi:10.1038/387370a0. PMID 9163420. S2CID 1582534.
  6. ↑ Chiu H, Peters JW, Lanzilotta WN, Ryle MJ, Seefeldt LC, Howard JB, Rees DC (2001). "MgATP-Bound and nucleotide-free structures of a nitrogenase protein complex between the Leu 127 Delta-Fe-protein and the MoFe-protein". Biochemistry. 40 (3): 641–650. doi:10.1021/bi001645e. PMID 11170380.
  7. ↑ Nagpal P, Jafri S, Reddy MA, Das HK (1989). "Multiple chromosomes of Azotobacter vinelandii". J. Bacteriol. 171 (6): 3133–8. doi:10.1128/jb.171.6.3133-3138.1989. PMC 210026. PMID 2785985.
  8. ↑ Maldonado R, Jiménez J, Casadesús J (1994). "Changes of ploidy during the Azotobacter vinelandii growth cycle" (PDF). J. Bacteriol. 176 (13): 3911–9. doi:10.1128/jb.176.13.3911-3919.1994. PMC 205588. PMID 8021173.


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