Okay, I came up with a compact solution but I'm not quite sure if this is the fastest.
double pos0[4] = {0,1,2,3};
__m256d a= _mm256_loadu_pd(pos0);
__m256d a02,a13;
a02 = _mm256_shuffle_pd(a,a,0);
__m256d a0 = _mm256_blend_pd(a02, _mm256_permute2f128_pd(a02,a02,1), 0x0C);
__m256d a2 = _mm256_blend_pd(a02, _mm256_permute2f128_pd(a02,a02,1), 0x03);
a13 = _mm256_shuffle_pd(a,a,0x0F);
__m256d a1 = _mm256_blend_pd(a13, _mm256_permute2f128_pd(a13,a13,1), 0x0C);
__m256d a3 = _mm256_blend_pd(a13, _mm256_permute2f128_pd(a13,a13,1), 0x03);
This would result in:
a0 = {0,0,0,0}
a1 = {1,1,1,1}
a2 = {2,2,2,2}
a3 = {3,3,3,3}