Check to see if your college has any sort of open API with good documentation.
If they do, that will solve all your dramas. However, it's incredibly unlikely.
It sounds like your college uses some sort of SSO (Single Sign On) system. If you can find out which one they use, you'll be able to find documentation for it, which will likely let you develop an Android native solution to logging in. Bear in mind, the college/SSO provider will more than likely have to give you access to this.
Otherwise, you're probably stuck to a WebView for login. You could use a WebView for login, then get all the content you need and close the WebView and do the rest as native app stuff.
Even then your options are fairly limited. You'll more than likely be stuck parsing full HTML responses and getting the content you want out of them. It's a pain, but possible (see this answer for an example on parsing an HTML table).
tl;dr, I reckon you're fighting a losing battle.