إن
Arabic
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Conjunction
إِن • (ʔin)
- (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
- إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ ― ʔin tadrus tanjaḥ ― If you study you (will) succeed.
- إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ ― ʔin lā tadrus lā tanjaḥ ― If you do not study you (will) not succeed.
- اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فِخِنْجَرٌ.
- al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran fiḵinjarun.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ، إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.
- an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim, ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
-
- هَاتُوا بُرْهَانَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ
- hātū burhānakum ʔin kuntum ṣādiqīna
- Give your proof, if you are truthful.
Usage notes
Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.
Synonyms
- إِذْمَا (ʔiḏmā)
Derived terms
- إِمَّا (ʔimmā)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin.na/
Particle
إِنَّ • (ʔinna)
- indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
- إِنِّي فَقِير وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.
- ʔinnī faqīr wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.
- I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.
Usage notes
- The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʔinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
- When إِنَّ (ʔinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʔinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī). When it is followed by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʔinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʔinnanā).
Inflection
| Inflected forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base form | إِنَّ (ʔinna) | ||||
| Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
| First person | إِنِّي / إِنِّيَ / إِنَّنِي / إِنَّنِيَ (ʔinnī / ʔinniya / ʔinnanī / ʔinnaniya) | إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا (ʔinnanā / ʔinnā) | |||
| Second person | إِنَّكَ (ʔinnaka) | إِنَّكِ (ʔinnaki) | إِنَّكُمَا (ʔinnakumā) | إِنَّكُمْ (ʔinnakum) | إِنَّكُنَّ (ʔinnakunna) |
| Third person | إِنَّهُ (ʔinnahu) | إِنَّهَا (ʔinnahā) | إِنَّهُمَا (ʔinnahumā) | إِنَّهُمْ (ʔinnahum) | إِنَّهُنَّ (ʔinnahunna) |
Derived terms
- إِنَّمَا (ʔinnamā)
See also
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔin/
Particle
إِنْ • (ʔin)
- (archaic) not
-
- إِنِ الْكَافِرُونَ إِلَّا فِي غُرُورٍ
- ʔini al-kāfirūna ʔillā fī ḡurūrin
- the disbelievers are not but in delusion
-
- إِنْ أَرَدْنَا إِلَّا إِحْسَانًا وَتَوْفِيقًا
- ʔin ʔaradnā ʔillā ʔiḥsānan wa-tawfīqan
- we intended nothing but good conduct and accommodation
- a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:
- لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكُ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِ
- lā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraku dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
-
Synonyms
- مَا (mā)
References
- Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 80) (in English), 2nd edition, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 482:
- One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
- Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 103 seqq.
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37
South Levantine Arabic
Conjunction
إن • (ʔin)
Usage notes
- إن (ʔin) is always followed by a verb in the past tense, even if refer to an action in the future.
Pronunciation
See إنّه (ʔinno).
Usage notes
- This preposition can be either used invariable in the form إنّه (ʔinno) or with an attached suffix pronoun.
- The suffix pronoun agrees with the subject of the subordinate clause.
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