चतुरङ्ग

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

ᬘᬢᬸᬭᬗ᭄ᬕ (Balinese script)
চতুৰঙ্গ (Assamese script)
চতুরঙ্গ (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰝𑰲𑰨𑰒𑰿𑰐 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀭𑀗𑁆𑀕 (Brahmi script)
𑌚𑌤𑍁𑌰𑌙𑍍𑌗 (Grantha script)
ચતુરઙ્ગ (Gujarati script)
ਚਤੁਰਙੑਗ (Gurmukhi script)
ꦕꦠꦸꦫꦔ꧀ꦒ (Javanese script)
ចតុរង្គ (Khmer script)
ಚತುರಙ್ಗ (Kannada script)
ຈຕຸຣງ຺ຄ (Lao script)
ചതുരങ്ഗ (Malayalam script)
𑘓𑘝𑘳𑘨𑘒𑘿𑘐 (Modi script)
ᢋᠠᢐᠤᠷᠠᢊᠺᠠ (Mongolian script)
ᢜᠠᢠᡠᡵᠠᢛᡤᠠ (Manchu script)
စတုရင်္ဂ (Burmese script)
𑦳𑦽𑧔𑧈𑦲𑧠𑦰 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐟𑐸𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Newa script)
ଚତୁରଙ୍ଗ (Oriya script)
ꢗꢡꢸꢬꢖ꣄ꢔ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆠𑆶𑆫𑆕𑇀𑆓 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖝𑖲𑖨𑖒𑖿𑖐 (Siddham script)
චතුරඞ්ග (Sinhalese script)
చతురఙ్గ (Telugu script)
จตุรงฺค (Thai script)
ཙ་ཏུ་ར་ངྒ (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒞𑒳𑒩𑒓𑓂𑒑 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology

चतुर् (catur, “four”) +‎ अङ्ग (aṅga, “limb, member”)

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐ.tu.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕɐ.t̪uˈɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

Adjective

चतुरङ्ग • (cátur-aṅga)

having 4 limbs (or extremities) (RV. X, 92, 11, ŚBr. XII)
- RV 10.92.11
  ते हि दयावाप्र्थिवी भूरिरेतसा नराशंसश्चतुरङगोयमो.अदितिः |
  
  देवस्त्वष्टा दरविणोदा रभुक्षणः पररोदसी मरुतो विष्णुरर्हिरे ||
  te hi dyāvāpṛthivī bhūriretasā narāśaṃsaścaturaṅghoyamo.aditiḥ |
  
  devastvaṣṭā draviṇodā ṛbhukṣaṇaḥ prarodasī maruto viṣṇurarhire ||
  For these, the Earth and Heaven with their abundant seed, four-bodied Narāśaṁsa, Yama, Aditi,
  
  God Tvaṣṭar Wealth-bestower, the Ṛbhukṣaṇas, Rodasī, Maruts, Viṣṇu, claim and merit praise.
(with बल (bala, “an army”)) comprising (4 parts, viz.) elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry (MBh. III, 790, R. II, 51, 7)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Feminine ā-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगा (caturaṅagā)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगाम् (caturaṅagām)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Instrumental	चतुरङगया (caturaṅagayā)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभिः (caturaṅagābhiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगायै (caturaṅagāyai)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगाभ्यः (caturaṅagābhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगायाः (caturaṅagāyāḥ)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगायाम् (caturaṅagāyām)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगासु (caturaṅagāsu)

Neuter a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगाणि (caturaṅagāṇi)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Noun

चतुरङ्ग • (cátur-aṅga) m

Cucumis utilissimus (?) (L.)
name of a son of रोमपाद (roma-pāda) or लोमपाद (loma-pāda) (Hariv. 1697 f., BhP. IX, 23, 10)
(scil. बल (bala)) = चतुरङ्गबल (cátur-aṅga-bala) (AV., Pariś. ??, MBh. IX, 446)
(chess) a kind of chess (played by 4 parties) (Tithyād.)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चतुरङ्ग
Nom. sg.	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)
Gen. sg.	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चतुरङगः (caturaṅagaḥ)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Vocative	चतुरङग (caturaṅaga)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगाः (caturaṅagāḥ)
Accusative	चतुरङगम् (caturaṅagam)	चतुरङगौ (caturaṅagau)	चतुरङगान् (caturaṅagān)
Instrumental	चतुरङगेण (caturaṅageṇa)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगैः (caturaṅagaiḥ)
Dative	चतुरङगाय (caturaṅagāya)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Ablative	चतुरङगात् (caturaṅagāt)	चतुरङगाभ्याम् (caturaṅagābhyām)	चतुरङगेभ्यः (caturaṅagebhyaḥ)
Genitive	चतुरङगस्य (caturaṅagasya)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगाणाम् (caturaṅagāṇām)
Locative	चतुरङगे (caturaṅage)	चतुरङगयोः (caturaṅagayoḥ)	चतुरङगेषु (caturaṅageṣu)

Descendants

→ Malay: catur
- Indonesian: catur
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭠𐭲‎𐭫𐭠𐭭𐭢‎‎ (ctlng /čatrang/)
- Persian: شترنگ‎ (šatrang)
  - → Arabic: شطرنج‎ (šaṭranj)
    - Andalusian Arabic: شَطْرَنْج‎ (šaṭranj)
      - → Aragonese: axedrez
      - → Asturian: axedrez
      - → Mirandese: xadreç
      - → Old Portuguese: axadrez, enxadrez
        Galician: xadrez
        Portuguese: xadrez
      - → Old Spanish: axedrez
        Spanish: ajedrez
        → Bikol Central: ahedres
        → Cebuano: ahedres
        → Hiligaynon: ahedres
        → Ilocano: ahedres
        → Tagalog: ahedres
    - → Amharic: ሰንጠረዥ (sänṭäräž)
    - → Middle Armenian: սատրինճ (satrinč), սաթրինճ (satʿrinč), սատրիճ (satrič)
      - Armenian: սատրինջ (satrinǰ)
    - → Persian: شطرنج‎ (šatranj)
      - → Azerbaijani: satranc
      - → Gujarati: શેતરંજ (śetrañj)
      - → Hindi: शतरंज (śatrañj)
      - → Oriya: ସତରଞ୍ଜ (sôtôrôñjô)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: شطرنج‎ (şatranc)
        Turkish: satranç
      - → Punjabi: ਸ਼ਤਰੰਜ (śatrañj)
      - Tajik: шатранҷ (šatranj)
    - → Swahili: sataranji
  - → Mongolian: шатар (šatar)
- → Georgian: ჭადრაკი (č̣adraḳi)
- → Koine Greek: ζατρίκιον (zatríkion)
  - → Greek: ζατρίκιο (zatríkio)
- → Middle Armenian: ճատրակ (čatrak), ճարտրակ (čartrak), ճատրկուց (čatrkucʿ), ճատրկոց (čatrkocʿ)
  - → Armenian: ճատրակ (čatrak) (learned)
Pali: caturaṅga
- → Burmese: စစ်တုရင် (cactu.rang)
- → Khmer: ចត្រង្គ (caʼtrɑng)
→ Tamil: சதுரங்கம் (caturaṅkam)
→ Telugu: చతురంగము (caturaṅgamu)

References

Jacobi, Hermann (1896), “Ueber zwei ältere Erwähnungen des Schachspiels in der Sanskrit-Litteratur”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 50, pages 227–233
Monier Williams (1899), “चतुरङ्ग”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0384.

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