ἀπήνη

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

πήνᾱ (pḗnā)
καπᾱ́νᾱ (kapā́nā), καπᾱ́νη (kapā́nē) – Thessalian

Etymology

A Northwest Semitic loanword, attested as Ugaritic 𐎀𐎔𐎐 (ảpn, “wheel of a chariot”) and Hebrew אוֹפַן‎ (ʾōp̄án, “wheel of a chariot”). The clipped variant has perhaps been connected vulgarly with πήνη (pḗnē, “spool”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /a.pɛ̌ː.nɛː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /aˈpe̝.ne̝/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /aˈpi.ni/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /aˈpi.ni/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /aˈpi.ni/

Noun

ἀπήνη • (apḗnē) f (genitive ἀπήνης); first declension

four-wheel wagon, drawn by mules
Synonym: ἅμαξα (hámaxa)
any car or chariot, any conveyance

Inflection

First declension of ἡ ἀπήνη; τῆς ἀπήνης (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ ἀπήνη hē apḗnē	τὼ ἀπήνᾱ tṑ apḗnā	αἱ ἀπῆναι hai apênai
Genitive	τῆς ἀπήνης tês apḗnēs	τοῖν ἀπήναιν toîn apḗnain	τῶν ἀπηνῶν tôn apēnôn
Dative	τῇ ἀπήνῃ têi apḗnēi	τοῖν ἀπήναιν toîn apḗnain	ταῖς ἀπήναις taîs apḗnais
Accusative	τὴν ἀπήνην tḕn apḗnēn	τὼ ἀπήνᾱ tṑ apḗnā	τᾱ̀ς ἀπήνᾱς tā̀s apḗnās
Vocative	ἀπήνη apḗnē	ἀπήνᾱ apḗnā	ἀπῆναι apênai
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

→ Arabic: قَبَّان‎ (qabbān), قَفَّان‎ (qaffān)
→ Persian: قپان‎ (qapân), کپان‎ (kapân); قپون‎ (qapun)
- → Azerbaijani: qapan
- → Turkish: kapan
→ Classical Syriac: ܩܐܦܐܢܐ‎ (/*qapānā/)

References

“ἀπήνη”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἀπήνη in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ἀπήνη in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2023)
Adoncʿ, Nikołayos (2008) Erker. hat. G., Hayerenagitakan usumnasirutʿyunner [Works. Volume III, Armenian Language Studies]‎ (in Armenian), Yerevan: University Press, pages 403–404, connecting with Old Armenian յոպնակ (yopnak)
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Reece, Steve (2009), “Junctural Metanalysis in Homer Owing to Movable and Final Kappa”, in Homer's Winged Words: The Evolution of Early Greek Epic Diction in the Light of Oral Theory, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 73
Szemerényi, Oswald (1974), “The origins of the Greek lexicon: Ex Oriente Lux”, in The Journal of Hellenic Studies‎, volume 94, →DOI, pages 149–150

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