幽州

Chinese

		quiet; secluded	province; prefecture; state province; prefecture; state; county
trad. (幽州)		幽	州
simp. ^#(幽州)		幽	州

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Yōuzhōu

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄡㄓㄡ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Yōuzhōu
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄡㄓㄡ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Youjhou
  - Wade–Giles: Yu¹-chou¹
  - Yale: Yōu-jōu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Ioujou
  - Palladius: Ючжоу (Jučžou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ʔiɪu t͡ɕɨu/

Rime
Character	幽	州
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	幽 (138)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於虯切	職流切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiɪu/	/t͡ɕɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨu/	/t͡ɕiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔieu/	/t͡ɕiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔjiw/	/cuw/
Li Rong	/ʔiĕu/	/t͡ɕiu/
Wang Li	/iəu/	/t͡ɕĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔieu/	/t͡ɕi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu	zhōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau¹	zau¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)iw tu/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯw tju/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	幽	州
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu	zhōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjiw ›	‹ tsyuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ](r)iw/	/*tu/
English	dark; secluded	islet in stream; province
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	幽	州
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14620	17493
Phonetic component	幽	州
Rime group	幽	幽
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	幽	周
Old Chinese	/*qɯw/	/*tju/
Notes	甲金文從火從二幺會意火微

Proper noun

幽州

(historical) Youzhou (an ancient prefecture in modern China)
(historical) Youzhou (one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)

See also

九州 (Jiǔzhōu)

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